Accueil

‼️ 2026 08 21 ‼️ NEW DOCUMENT: Complete Guide: Installing Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce on a 2013 MSI GT70 Laptop
‼️ HERE:
– https://real-antichrist.com/2026/08/21/9108/
– https://pastebin.com/ei3pJg4k
–
‼️ Creating Bootable USB Drives The Easy Way: Rufus And Safe Alternatives
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/cNkPLyx2
–
‼️ THE LISTS OF GAMES I HAVE INSTALLED ON STEAM AND GOG
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/j0i7afSS
–
– PREAMBLE: – This document is a guide for the installation of Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce on an MSI GT70 laptop from 2013. Another Linux installation guide for beginners is currently being created. However, the guide for the 2013 MSI GT70 laptop serves as an effective example for understanding how to install Linux on an old computer.
–
—
–
‼️‼️ Very important: AELF (Episcopal Liturgical Association for French-speaking countries) (VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE PSALMS): Sign up for daily readings via email:
https://www.aelf.org/abonne/create
https://www.aelf.org/abonnement
https://www.aelf.org/
–
– KTO Catholic Television and Vatican:
https://www.youtube.com/@ktotv/videos
https://www.ktotv.com/
https://www.ktotv.com/guide/
https://www.ktoradio.com/
https://appli.ktotv.com/
https://linktr.ee/ktotv
https://www.facebook.com/kto.television
https://www.instagram.com/ktotelevision
https://x.com/KTOTV
https://bsky.app/profile/ktotv.bsky.social
https://www.threads.com/@ktotelevision
https://www.tiktok.com/@kto.television
https://www.linkedin.com/company/ktotelevision/
https://api.whatsapp.com/send?phone=002974409
https://t.me/ktotelevision
– NEWSLETTER: https://public.message-business.com/form/27510/3870/form.aspx
– DONATE: https://donner.ktotv.com/b/mon-don
https://www.youtube.com/@VaticanNewsEN/videos
https://www.youtube.com/@VaticanNews/videos
https://www.youtube.com/@VaticanNewsFR/videos
–
‼️ VERY IMPORTANT: Church ‘Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet’ [ VERY IMPORTANT YOUTUBE CHANNEL BECAUSE THE ANGELS OF THE HEAVENS AND THE HOLY ARCHANGELS OF THE HEAVENS ACT WITH THIS CHURCH ]:
https://www.youtube.com/@EgliseSaintNicolasduChardonnet/streams
–
‼️ VERY IMPORTANT: IMPORTANT YOUTUBE CHANNELS ABOUT THE JEWISH RELIGION AND ABOUT THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/H16QgGz4
–
‼️ FOUR TRANSLATORS WEBSITES & A SPELL CHECKER & GRAMMAR CHECKER & STYLE CHECKER
‼️ ЧЕТЫРЕ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА И СРЕДСТВО ПРОВЕРКИ ОРФОГРАФИИ И ГРАММАТИКИ И СТИЛЯ
‼️‼️ HERE ЗДЕСЬ:
https://pastebin.com/9tyEQAk0
—
‼️‼️ LeGamerInfini DOCUMENTS HERE:
https://pastebin.com/u/LeGamerInfini
—
–
‼️‼ VERY IMPORTANT DOCUMENT ABOUT THE DISASTERS AND THE NATURAL PHENOMENA RARE AND UNUSUAL OF THE END TIMES:
–
‼️‼️ BIBLE: Isaiah 24:19 There will be earthquakes, and the earth will split open…
‼️ LINKS TO MONITOR THE NATURAL DISASTERS AND THE NATURAL PHENOMENA RARE AND UNUSUAL
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/pFHe4smi
–
‼️‼ VERY IMPORTANT YOUTUBE CHANNEL IN ENGLISH ABOUT THE END TIMES, AND ABOUT THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION:
–
– According to Jimmy Evans, who is a Bible expert, we have reached the end of the end times, and here are some links to contact Jimmy Evans:
‼️‼️ JIMMY EVANS is a Christian man and a theologian (an expert in Biblical scripture) JimmyEvans :
https://endtimes.substack.com/
‼️‼️ VERY IMPORTANT ABOUT END TIMES: LINKS TO Jimmy Evans:
https://www.facebook.com/PsJimmyEvans
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61554264187337
https://www.instagram.com/psjimmyevans/
https://www.instagram.com/psjimmyevans01/
https://www.instagram.com/endtimes.social/
https://www.youtube.com/@JimmyEvans/videos
https://www.youtube.com/@endtimesunlocked/videos
https://endtimes.substack.com/
– You can contact Jimmy Evans to ask him whether we have reached the very end of the end times…
E-Mail: support@endtimes.com
E-Mail: prayer@endtimes.com
E-Mail: questions@endtimes.com
E-Mail: testimonies@endtimes.com
—
‼️‼️ Hammerfall Angel Of Mercy Lyrics
https://youtu.be/Gl3fyQStfSc
–
‼️‼️‼️ IMPORTANT DOCUMENT: YOUTUBE CHANNELS OF RECORD LABELS (AND FESTIVALS) OF THE SATANISTS, AND RELEASES AND PROMOTIONS TO HELP AND PUBLICIZE GOOD METAL BANDS (AND OTHER BANDS) AND COLLABORATE IN THEIR DIFFUSION
‼️‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/mGVBgPWM
–
‼️ GREAT FREE SOFTWARE TO LISTEN TO YOUR MUSIC AND TO CREATE YOUR MUSIC
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/auMDG9eC
–
‼️‼️ VERY IMPORTANT: THE SATANISTS PRODUCE THE BEST MUSIC IN THE WORLD BECAUSE THE SATANISTS ARE FREE. THE PROPHECIES OF THE BIBLE ABOUT MUSIC AND THE ANTICHRIST ARE PARTIALLY FULFILLED. THE ANTICHRIST IS A MUSIC CREATOR WHO CREATES MUSIC WITH SATANISTS, AND SOMETIMES WITH HUMANS WHO ARE NOT SATANISTS. THE ANTICHRIST HAS A GIFT FOR MUSIC. AS IN THE BIBLE, THE ANTICHRIST IS A GOOD COMPOSER, AND THE ANTICHRIST HAS A MUSICAL STYLE WHICH IS VERY ORIGINAL. CHRISTIANS ARE LOCKED IN A MUSICAL STRAITJACKET FOR THE PURPOSE OF PLEASING GOD, WHILE THE SATANISTS ARE QUITE FREE AT THE MUSICAL LEVEL:
https://www.facebook.com/fred.infini/posts/pfbid02LAbWrbPsUYs8jarrCd6zTMfbh1e5eM5uoFMNPTfB3tqmZhhS6buxA5yFoGvKGLuyl
https://vk.com/vrai_antichrist?w=wall313976604_981
–
– The Antichrist does not have the time to create his music by himself: it is the Satanists who create and disseminate the music that has been imagined by the Antichrist…
https://www.twitch.tv/graemerz
https://www.twitch.tv/geisterweltnights
https://www.twitch.tv/voxsinistra
https://www.twitch.tv/mortasha_kinski
https://www.twitch.tv/virtualgothnight
–
– The Satanists produce better music than the Christians because the Satanists are quite free, while the Christians are not quite free because the Christians are obliged to obey God…:
–
– The music of the Satanists is more diverse and creative than the music of the Christians; the Satanists have more creativity regarding music than the Christians because the Satanists are freer than the Christians, who have to please and obey God. These are the reasons why the Satanists produce better music than the Christians, because the Satanists do not have the same limits as the Christians…:
–
‼️‼️ LINKS TO FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIAS:
‼️‼️ FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIAS:
‼️‼️ https://linktr.ee/frederic_descamps
https://www.facebook.com/fred.infini.3
https://vk.com/vrai_antichrist
https://x.com/Vrai_Antichrist
https://real-antichrist.com
https://www.instagram.com/antichristlucifer
My address:
Frederic Descamps
Rue Vlogaert 22 bt 20
bt 20, Sonnette Demaret-Descamps, 4eme etage.
1060 Saint-Gilles (Brussels)
Belgique (Belgium)
‼️‼️ Look at where I live with Google Maps:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Rue+Vlogaert+22,+1060+Saint-Gilles/@50.8325541,4.338001,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x47c3c468d5f87331:0xfc496492fb8fd9d!8m2!3d50.8325541!4d4.3405813!16s%2Fg%2F11snp_hdv_
–
‼️‼️ THIS SONG IS AWESOME ‼️‼️ VALKEAT – My Crown (Official Lyric Video)
https://youtu.be/lcm9PTnYu-Q
‼️‼️ GREAT BAND, THIS BAND MUST BE SUPPORTED. SUPPORT THE ARTISTS, BUY THE MUSIC
–
‼️ I CREATE DOCUMENTS TO INFORM, IT IS COMPLETELY FREE, I DO NOT WANT GIFTS.
‼️ I WANT TO REMAIN INDEPENDENT, I WANT TO PROVIDE SERVICE FOR FREE WITH COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE.
–
‼️‼️ GAMING: FREE GAMES. IMPORTANT ACTORS OF VIDEO GAMES INDUSTRY. GAMING BEST KEYSELLERS STORES
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/bc6mUjgc
–
‼️‼️ RETROGAMING, EMULATION, EMULATORS: IMPORTANT LINKS ABOUT RETROGAMING
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/we4PRcce
–
‼️‼️ BEST GAME CONTROLLERS & BRANDS & YOUTUBE CHANNELS REVIEWING GAME CONTROLLERS & OTHER THINGS
‼️‼️ THE BEST GAME CONTROLLERS AND BRANDS OF GAME CONTROLLERS (WEBSITES) AND YOUTUBE CHANNELS REVIEWING GAME CONTROLLERS AND OTHER INTERESTING THINGS ABOUT GAME CONTROLLERS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/N0KG3rXQ
–
‼️ YEARLY RECOMMENDED MINI PCs: PERFORMANCE, VALUE, PRICE, EFFICIENCY, CONNECTIVITY, TOP MODELS.
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/dwzhvE48
–
‼️‼️ THE LINKS OF THE BEST MINI PC BRANDS AND YOUTUBE CHANNELS ABOUT MINI PCs AND THE BEST LAPTOP BRANDS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/tRzGGg6K
–
‼️‼️ CYBERSECURITY: TIPS AND LINKS TO FIGHT VIRUSES AND INFECTIONS AND MALICIOUS SITES
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/A0WSRYTA
–
‼️ CYBERSECURITY TIPS REGARDING RETROGAMING AND EMULATORS
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/4tYF6Rpz
–
‼️‼️ THE BEST INTERNET BROWSERS AND THE BEST SEARCH ENGINES AND THE BEST META SEARCH ENGINES
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/qy9BzuQc
–
‼️‼️ VIDEO CONVERTER & EDITOR & RECORDER & DOWNLOADER: FOUR BASIC & INEXPENSIVE SOFTWARES & EXTENSIONS
‼️‼️ FOUR BASIC AND INEXPENSIVE SOFTWARES THAT I HAVE USED FOR MY VIDEOS AND SOFTWARES AND EXTENSIONS FOR WEB BROWSER TO DOWNLOAD VIDEOS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/KVZybqL4
–
‼️ FREE ONLINE FILE CONVERTER: 6 FREE WEBSITES TO CONVERT YOUR FILES ONLINE IN THE FORMAT THAT YOU DESIRE
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/dgWd5MTN
–
‼️‼️ CROWDFUNDING SITES
‼️‼️ CROWDFUNDING IS A WAY OF RAISING MONEY TO FINANCE PROJECTS AND BUSINESSES
‼️‼️ IT ENABLES FUNDRAISERS TO COLLECT MONEY FROM A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE VIA ONLINE PLATFORMS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/1wak2bdY
–
‼️ THE BEST WEBSHOPS: WEBSHOPS IN WHICH WE CAN TRUST: TRUSTED WEBSHOPS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/sNC92i2j
–
‼️ LINKS TO TV NEWS CHANNELS & IMPORTANT LINKS TO WEBSITES FOR FOOTBALL (SOCCER) (LIVE & SUMMARIES)
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/1ZDfq3kt
–
‼️ THE BEST ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE “AI” WEBSITES & THE BEST AI WEBSITES FOR CREATING IMAGES
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/VzNbyKEL
–
‼️ BEST PAID AND FREE STREAMING WEBSITES LIKE NETFLIX TO WATCH FILMS AND SERIES AND TV
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/LFknbKsA
–
‼️ Amiga Forever 11, C64 Forever 11, WinUAE, Magic UAE, AMIKIT, EMU-FRANCE, LAUNCHBOX, HYPERSPIN
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/vNNPDf7X
–
‼️ BEST VIDEO GAME SERIES AND BEST VIDEO GAME PUBLISHERS
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/4THQVDLb
–
‼️ Best Windows-Like Linux Distros: Beginner Guide
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/rN78JYaw
–
‼️ RASPBERRY PI OS (LEGACY) FULL: BEGINNER GUIDE AND ESSENTIAL COMMANDS
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/zRiABFMi
–
‼️ ChatGPT Image Prompt v5.3 UNIVERSAL (SIMPLE): Optimized for Instagram
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/9CyQEvnU
–
‼️ MY PERMANENT AND REUSABLE WORKING METHODOLOGIES FOR ALL CHATGPT CHATS
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/JXZ0Gxqy
–
‼️ Complete SteamOS & Bazzite Guide: Transform Your Windows PC into a Gaming Console
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/AVUwTwbY
–
‼️ Guide complet SteamOS & Bazzite : transformez votre PC Windows en console de jeu
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/uZu2n9Xr
–
‼️ Essential SSD and storage management software: SSD Cloning & SSD Health Monitoring
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/rWp6bFin
–
‼️ Creating Bootable USB Drives The Easy Way: Rufus And Safe Alternatives
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/cNkPLyx2
–
‼️ The Annual Calendar of the Feast Days of the Saints of the Catholic Church
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/qmkskTg0
–
‼️ BLOOD MOON PROPHECY AND RECENT ECLIPSES: BIBLE ACTS 2:20-21 AND JOEL 2:31
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/s3246BsJ
–
‼️ THE BEST OSs: PC, Linux, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, C64, Retro & Emulation
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/19Qfr533
–
‼️ Linux-Optimized Computers with Linux Preinstalled: System76 and Its European Alternatives
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/yigyymLD
–
‼️ #EndTimes ‼️
–
#Coldwave #Darkwave #DarkTechno #DarkDance #CatRave #Gothic #GothicRock #GothMusic #GothDJ
–
#SATAN #LUCIFER #DEVIL #DIABLE #SATANISM #SATANISME #HailSatan #SATANIC #FallenAngel #METAL #666FD #APOCALYPSE #BAPHOMET
–
#AFP #Journalist #CNN #LCI #Diplomacy
–
#Bible #Religion #BibleStudy #Theology #Scripture #Prophecy #Christianity #Christian #Islam #Chrétien
–
#IndieDev #IndiegameDev #GameDev #SoloDev
–
#infoviva #LN24
–
#TheSatanicTemple #SatanicTemple #ChurchOfSatan #666😈 #666
–
—
–

2026 08 21: Complete Guide: Installing Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce on a 2013 MSI GT70 Laptop

———————————
———————————

‼️‼️ https://pastebin.com/u/LeGamerInfini
‼️‼️ LAST UPDATE 2026 08 21
‼️‼️ THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
———————————
———————————
–
‼️ Complete Guide: Installing Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce on a 2013 MSI GT70 Laptop ‼️THANK YOU‼️
–
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– SUBTITLE
–
– Complete step-by-step tutorial (bilingual English/French) for preparing, partitioning, formatting and installing Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce on a 2013 MSI GT70 OND-1005FR laptop: BIOS/UEFI check (SATA mode AHCI, F11 boot menu, Delete for BIOS), creating the installation USB with Rufus (linuxmint-22.3-xfce-64bit.iso, GPT, UEFI non-CSM), booting the Live session, positively identifying all drives with lsblk and fdisk -l, GParted partitioning of the two internal SSDs (SSD1_DATA and SSD2_DATA, ext4, GPT, no flags), partitioning of the internal 750 GB HDD (DATA = 500 GiB ext4 + TIMESHIFT = ~198 GiB ext4), resetting the external 1 TB Samsung USB 3 SSD to 100% unallocated, automatic Linux Mint installation on the Samsung only, first boot via F11, safe initial updates from official repositories, cautious NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX (Kepler legacy 470 branch) driver handling with the 2026 nvidia-driver-470 transitional package warning, mounting internal partitions with the Disks application, configuring Timeshift (RSYNC) on the TIMESHIFT partition, installing Steam with libraries on the internal SSDs and Steam Play/Proton, troubleshooting common problems (black screen, RAID signatures, Samsung not in F11, EFI bootloader placement), a final summary of the whole procedure, and official links.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– IN ENGLISH:
–
—
–
– INTRODUCTION
–
– This document is a complete, detailed, beginner-oriented tutorial written for a 2013 MSI GT70 OND-1005FR laptop (Intel Core i7-3630QM, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX 4 GB, 12 GB DDR3 RAM, 17.3″ 1920×1080 display) and provided in both English and French. Its purpose is to guide the user safely through every stage of migrating the machine from its old Windows 8 / Super RAID setup to Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce installed entirely on an external 1 TB Samsung SSD over USB 3, while keeping the internal drives (two SSDs and one 750 GB HDD) purely for storage, games and Timeshift backups. Throughout, the guide places maximum emphasis on positive drive identification, backups and precautions before any destructive GParted or installer operation, then covers post-installation configuration: updates, the cautious handling of the old Kepler-generation NVIDIA driver, automatic mounting, system snapshots, and Steam/Proton for gaming, followed by a troubleshooting section, a final summary and official links.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– ‼️ COMPLETE STEP-BY-STEP TUTORIAL: LINUX MINT 22.3 XFCE ON A 2013 MSI GT70 OND-1005FR — GPARTED, RUFUS, UEFI, SAMSUNG USB 3 SSD, INTERNAL DRIVES, NVIDIA AND TIMESHIFT ‼️THANK YOU‼️
–
– SUBTITLE: Complete guide to preparing, partitioning, formatting and installing Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce on a 2013 MSI GT70 laptop, with GParted, Rufus, UEFI, internal storage in AHCI, external Samsung USB 3 SSD, NVIDIA drivers and Timeshift backups
–
‼️ Creating Bootable USB Drives The Easy Way: Rufus And Safe Alternatives
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/cNkPLyx2
–
– Preamble: if the laptop keyboard does not work, you must use an external USB keyboard.
–
– My MSI laptop from the year 2013:
– Laptop MSI GT70 OND-1005FR
– Color: Red-Black-Red-Black
– Led panel: 17.3″ FHD 1920×1080 (Non-Glare Type)
– CPU: Intel Core i7-3630QM
– VGA: Nvidia Geforce GTX 675MX / 4GB GDDR5
– HDD: 750GB 7200RPM+128GB SSD (SUPER RAID)
– RAM: DDRIII 12GB (4G*3)
– ODD: BD Combo
– RF: 802.11a/b/g/n/+BT
– OS: Windows 8
– Keyboard: French
– Battery: 9 cells
–
– LAST CHECK: 2026 08 20
–
—
–
– TABLE OF CONTENTS
–
– PART [01] — GParted: final layout to obtain before installation
– PART [02] — Backups and precautions before any modification
– PART [03] — Prepare the Linux Mint USB flash drive with Rufus
– PART [04] — Check the MSI BIOS / UEFI
– PART [05] — Boot Linux Mint in Live mode with F11
– PART [06] — Positively identify all drives before GParted
– PART [07] — GParted: prepare internal SSD no. 1
– PART [08] — GParted: prepare internal SSD no. 2
– PART [09] — GParted: prepare the internal 750 GB HDD
– PART [10] — GParted: reset the external 1 TB Samsung
– PART [11] — GParted: final check before exiting
– PART [12] — Automatically install Linux Mint on the 1 TB Samsung
– PART [13] — First Linux Mint boot from the external Samsung
– PART [14] — Perform the first updates safely
– PART [15] — NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX: cautious procedure
– PART [16] — Mount and use the internal partitions
– PART [17] — Configure Timeshift on the TIMESHIFT partition
– PART [18] — Install Steam and use the internal SSDs for games
– PART [19] — Possible problems and solutions
– PART [20] — Final summary of the entire procedure
– PART [21] — Official links
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [01] — GPARTED: FINAL LAYOUT TO OBTAIN BEFORE INSTALLATION
–
– As requested, this tutorial starts with GParted and with the exact result you must obtain.
–
– Your MSI contains or will use:
–
– two small internal SSDs that were previously part of the MSI Super RAID;
–
– an internal 750 GB HDD;
–
– an external 1 TB Samsung SSD over USB 3;
–
– a 64 GB USB flash drive that will be used as the Linux Mint installation media.
–
– Your BIOS is already set to:
–
– AHCI.
–
– The two internal SSDs will therefore no longer be in RAID.
–
– The Linux Mint system will be installed on:
–
– THE EXTERNAL 1 TB SAMSUNG SSD OVER USB 3.
–
– The internal drives will be used only:
–
– for storage;
–
– for games;
–
– for files;
–
– and for Timeshift.
–
– No internal drive must be used to boot Linux Mint.
–
– FINAL LAYOUT:
–
– INTERNAL SSD NO. 1:
–
– partition table = GPT;
–
– one partition only;
–
– file system label = SSD1_DATA;
–
– size = entire SSD;
–
– format = ext4;
–
– flags = none.
–
– INTERNAL SSD NO. 2:
–
– partition table = GPT;
–
– one partition only;
–
– file system label = SSD2_DATA;
–
– size = entire SSD;
–
– format = ext4;
–
– flags = none.
–
– INTERNAL 750 GB HDD:
–
– partition table = GPT;
–
– partition no. 1 = DATA;
–
– size = 500 GiB;
–
– format = ext4;
–
– partition no. 2 = TIMESHIFT;
–
– size = all remaining space, approximately 198 GiB;
–
– format = ext4;
–
– flags = none on both partitions.
–
– EXTERNAL 1 TB SAMSUNG SSD:
–
– partition table = GPT to reset it cleanly;
–
– no partition created manually;
–
– 100% of the space must remain UNALLOCATED;
–
– Linux Mint will automatically create its own partitions during installation.
–
– IMPORTANT:
–
– SSD1_DATA, SSD2_DATA, DATA and TIMESHIFT are convenient labels for identifying the partitions.
–
– They are not technically mandatory, but I recommend using them exactly this way to avoid any confusion.
–
– On the internal partitions, do not create:
–
– any EFI partition;
–
– any /boot partition;
–
– any swap partition;
–
– any boot flag;
–
– any esp flag;
–
– any bios_grub flag.
–
– The boot system must remain on the external Samsung.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [02] — BACKUPS AND PRECAUTIONS BEFORE ANY MODIFICATION
–
– WARNING:
–
– the GParted operations described in this guide will intentionally destroy the old partitions and the data present on the drives concerned.
–
– Before starting:
–
– back up all data you want to keep;
–
– check that the backup is readable;
–
– disconnect unnecessary USB drives;
–
– leave only the necessary devices connected.
–
– The main danger comes from the fact that:
–
– your Rufus USB flash drive is 64 GB;
–
– your two internal SSDs are probably approximately 64 GB each.
–
– They can therefore appear with very similar sizes.
–
– An SSD advertised as 64 GB may appear as approximately 59.6 GiB in GParted.
–
– An HDD advertised as 750 GB generally appears as approximately 698.5 GiB.
–
– An SSD advertised as 1 TB generally appears as approximately 931 GiB.
–
– NEVER identify a drive only by its size.
–
– Always check:
–
– the model;
–
– the size;
–
– the SATA or USB connection;
–
– the serial number if available;
–
– the Linux device name.
–
– Selecting the wrong drive in GParted can cause total data loss.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [03] — PREPARE THE LINUX MINT USB FLASH DRIVE WITH RUFUS
–
– This step is the practical prerequisite for being able to boot Linux Mint in Live mode and use GParted from the Live session.
–
– ISO:
–
– Linux Mint 22.3 “Zena” Xfce 64-bit.
–
– File:
–
– linuxmint-22.3-xfce-64bit.iso
–
– Before using Rufus, ideally verify the integrity and authenticity of the ISO with the official Linux Mint files.
–
– You do not need to manually format the USB flash drive before using Rufus.
–
– Rufus will erase it, format it and make it bootable.
–
– RUFUS SETTINGS:
–
– Device:
–
– your 64 GB USB flash drive.
–
– Boot selection:
–
– Disk or ISO image.
–
– Click:
–
– SELECT.
–
– Choose:
–
– linuxmint-22.3-xfce-64bit.iso
–
– Persistence:
–
– 0 GB.
–
– You do not need persistence for a USB flash drive intended only to install Linux Mint.
–
– Partition scheme:
–
– GPT.
–
– Target system:
–
– UEFI (non CSM).
–
– Volume label:
–
– leave the name suggested by Rufus;
–
– or use:
–
– MINT223_XFCE
–
– File system:
–
– FAT32 if Rufus offers it after loading the ISO.
–
– Cluster size:
–
– DEFAULT.
–
– Quick format:
–
– YES.
–
– Check device for bad blocks:
–
– NO, unless you suspect that the flash drive is defective.
–
– If Rufus asks:
–
– Write in ISO Image mode;
–
– or:
–
– Write in DD Image mode;
–
– first choose:
–
– ISO IMAGE MODE.
–
– Rufus normally recommends ISO mode first when both methods are possible.
–
– IMPORTANT:
–
– if Rufus automatically grays out some settings after loading the ISO or imposes a value compatible with the image, do not force an incompatible setting.
–
– Before clicking START:
–
– check one last time that the selected device really is the 64 GB USB flash drive;
–
– and especially NOT the 1 TB Samsung.
–
– Then click:
–
– START.
–
– Rufus will warn you that all data on the flash drive will be destroyed.
–
– Confirm only if you have identified the correct flash drive.
–
– When Rufus displays:
–
– READY;
–
– safely eject the flash drive from Windows.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [04] — CHECK THE MSI BIOS / UEFI
–
– Your MSI:
–
– MSI GT70 OND-1005FR;
–
– year 2013;
–
– Intel Core i7-3630QM processor;
–
– NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX 4 GB;
–
– 12 GB DDR3 RAM;
–
– 17.3-inch 1920 × 1080 display;
–
– 750 GB HDD;
–
– former Super RAID made up of two internal SSDs.
–
– Keys:
–
– BIOS / UEFI = Delete;
–
– Boot Menu = F11.
–
– The most important setting is already correct:
–
– SATA MODE = AHCI.
–
– Keep:
–
– AHCI.
–
– Do not use anymore:
–
– RAID;
–
– Super RAID.
–
– If your BIOS clearly offers:
–
– UEFI;
–
– Legacy;
–
– CSM;
–
– prefer:
–
– UEFI.
–
– Do not unnecessarily change other settings.
–
– Secure Boot:
–
– you can initially keep the current setting.
–
– If Linux Mint later refuses to boot because of a Secure Boot Violation message, Linux Mint documents the possibility of disabling Secure Boot in the BIOS.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [05] — BOOT LINUX MINT IN LIVE MODE WITH F11
–
– Connect:
–
– the Linux Mint USB flash drive;
–
– the external 1 TB Samsung SSD.
–
– Turn on the MSI.
–
– Press several times:
–
– F11.
–
– The Boot Menu opens.
–
– If the flash drive appears twice, preferably choose the entry:
–
– UEFI: [flash drive name]
–
– and not the Legacy entry.
–
– Linux Mint starts in a Live session.
–
– Before modifying a drive, check:
–
– the 1920 × 1080 display;
–
– the French keyboard;
–
– the touchpad;
–
– the mouse if you use one;
–
– Ethernet;
–
– Wi-Fi;
–
– Bluetooth;
–
– sound;
–
– detection of the Samsung;
–
– detection of both internal SSDs;
–
– detection of the internal HDD.
–
– If the screen remains black or has a major graphics problem:
–
– restart;
–
– use Linux Mint compatibility mode;
–
– or the nomodeset option documented by Linux Mint.
–
– With an old NVIDIA GTX 675MX, keep this solution in mind.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [06] — POSITIVELY IDENTIFY ALL DRIVES BEFORE GPARTED
–
– This is the most important safety step.
–
– Open a Terminal in Linux Mint Live.
–
– Type:
–
– lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,MODEL,SERIAL,TRAN,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINTS
–
– This command does not modify anything.
–
– It displays the devices.
–
– Identify:
–
– 64 GB Rufus USB flash drive = USB;
–
– 1 TB Samsung = USB;
–
– internal SSD no. 1 ≈ 64 GB = SATA;
–
– internal SSD no. 2 ≈ 64 GB = SATA;
–
– 750 GB HDD = SATA.
–
– Write down on paper:
–
– the model;
–
– the size;
–
– the Linux name of each drive.
–
– The names may be:
–
– /dev/sda;
–
– /dev/sdb;
–
– /dev/sdc;
–
– /dev/sdd;
–
– /dev/sde;
–
– but this example is NOT a mapping to copy.
–
– The letters may be different on your computer and may change between two boots.
–
– You can also use:
–
– sudo fdisk -l
–
– This command displays the drives and their partitions without modifying them.
–
– Now open:
–
– GParted.
–
– In GParted, use:
–
– GParted → Devices;
–
– or the drop-down list located at the top right;
–
– to choose the drive.
–
– To check the selected drive:
–
– View → Device Information.
–
– If a partition is mounted:
–
– select it;
–
– Partition → Unmount.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [07] — GPARTED: PREPARE INTERNAL SSD NO. 1
–
– Positively select the first internal SSD.
–
– Check:
–
– model;
–
– size;
–
– connection.
–
– Do not rely only on the fact that it is approximately 64 GB.
–
– MENU:
–
– Device → Create Partition Table.
–
– Type:
–
– GPT.
–
– Click:
–
– Apply.
–
– WARNING:
–
– this operation replaces the old partition table.
–
– The drive should then appear mainly as:
–
– unallocated.
–
– Select:
–
– unallocated.
–
– MENU:
–
– Partition → New.
–
– Settings:
–
– size = all available space;
–
– alignment = MiB / default value;
–
– file system = ext4;
–
– file system label = SSD1_DATA.
–
– If GParted separately displays:
–
– Partition name;
–
– and:
–
– Label;
–
– you can leave the GPT name empty and mainly enter:
–
– SSD1_DATA;
–
– in the Label field.
–
– Click:
–
– Add.
–
– Check the pending operations.
–
– You can display:
–
– View → Pending Operations.
–
– No flag must be enabled.
–
– Do not check:
–
– boot;
–
– esp;
–
– or bios_grub.
–
– When everything is correct:
–
– Edit → Apply All Operations;
–
– or click the green check mark.
–
– Wait until it is completely finished.
–
– Result:
–
– SSD1_DATA;
–
– ext4;
–
– the entire SSD;
–
– no flag.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [08] — GPARTED: PREPARE INTERNAL SSD NO. 2
–
– Now select the second internal SSD.
–
– Check the model and size again.
–
– MENU:
–
– Device → Create Partition Table.
–
– Choose:
–
– GPT.
–
– Apply.
–
– Select the space:
–
– unallocated.
–
– MENU:
–
– Partition → New.
–
– Settings:
–
– size = entire SSD;
–
– alignment = MiB / default value;
–
– file system = ext4;
–
– label = SSD2_DATA.
–
– Click:
–
– Add.
–
– Check the operations.
–
– No flags.
–
– Then:
–
– Edit → Apply All Operations.
–
– Result:
–
– SSD2_DATA;
–
– ext4;
–
– the entire SSD;
–
– no flags.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [09] — GPARTED: PREPARE THE INTERNAL 750 GB HDD
–
– Select the internal 750 GB HDD.
–
– It should appear as approximately:
–
– 698 GiB.
–
– Check the model before continuing.
–
– MENU:
–
– Device → Create Partition Table.
–
– Choose:
–
– GPT.
–
– Apply.
–
– You must now create two partitions.
–
– PARTITION NO. 1:
–
– select the unallocated space;
–
– Partition → New.
–
– New size:
–
– 512000 MiB.
–
– This corresponds to:
–
– 500 GiB.
–
– File system:
–
– ext4.
–
– Label:
–
– DATA.
–
– Alignment:
–
– MiB / default value.
–
– Click:
–
– Add.
–
– PARTITION NO. 2:
–
– select all the remaining unallocated space;
–
– Partition → New.
–
– Size:
–
– leave ALL THE REMAINING SPACE.
–
– This should represent approximately:
–
– 198 GiB.
–
– The exact value may vary slightly.
–
– File system:
–
– ext4.
–
– Label:
–
– TIMESHIFT.
–
– Click:
–
– Add.
–
– Check:
–
– DATA = 500 GiB = ext4;
–
– TIMESHIFT = remainder of drive ≈ 198 GiB = ext4.
–
– No flags on DATA.
–
– No flags on TIMESHIFT.
–
– Then:
–
– Edit → Apply All Operations.
–
– Wait until it finishes.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [10] — GPARTED: RESET THE EXTERNAL 1 TB SAMSUNG
–
– The external Samsung must be used entirely for Linux Mint.
–
– Positively select:
–
– the 1 TB Samsung SSD;
–
– USB connection.
–
– It should appear as approximately:
–
– 931 GiB.
–
– Check its model.
–
– MENU:
–
– Device → Create Partition Table.
–
– Choose:
–
– GPT.
–
– Apply.
–
– At the end:
–
– the Samsung must appear as unallocated space across practically its entire capacity.
–
– DO NOT CREATE ANY PARTITION MANUALLY.
–
– DO NOT CREATE:
–
– ext4;
–
– FAT32;
–
– EFI;
–
– swap;
–
– /home;
–
– /boot.
–
– Leave:
–
– 100% UNALLOCATED.
–
– The Linux Mint installer will then automatically take care of the necessary partitioning.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [11] — GPARTED: FINAL CHECK BEFORE EXITING
–
– Before closing GParted, check every drive.
–
– INTERNAL SSD NO. 1:
–
– GPT;
–
– SSD1_DATA;
–
– ext4;
–
– entire SSD;
–
– no flags.
–
– INTERNAL SSD NO. 2:
–
– GPT;
–
– SSD2_DATA;
–
– ext4;
–
– entire SSD;
–
– no flags.
–
– INTERNAL 750 GB HDD:
–
– GPT;
–
– DATA = 500 GiB = ext4;
–
– TIMESHIFT = all the rest ≈ 198 GiB = ext4;
–
– no flags.
–
– EXTERNAL 1 TB SAMSUNG SSD:
–
– GPT;
–
– 100% unallocated;
–
– no partition created manually.
–
– If the two former SSDs still appear as:
–
– RAID member;
–
– isw_raid_member;
–
– Intel RAID;
–
– or a similar RAID indication;
–
– STOP.
–
– Do not run a destructive command at random.
–
– An old RAID signature may remain.
–
– In that case, the SSDs must be positively identified before erasing these signatures.
–
– Above all, do not run wipefs on a device unless you are absolutely certain which device it is.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [12] — AUTOMATICALLY INSTALL LINUX MINT ON THE 1 TB SAMSUNG
–
– Close GParted.
–
– From the Live desktop, double-click:
–
– Install Linux Mint.
–
– Choose:
–
– language = French;
–
– keyboard = French.
–
– Connect to the Internet if your connection works correctly.
–
– For multimedia codecs:
–
– you can install them during installation if the installer offers the option;
–
– they can also be installed afterward.
–
– When the installer reaches the drive selection:
–
– your objective is:
–
– ERASE ONLY THE EXTERNAL 1 TB SAMSUNG SSD AND INSTALL LINUX MINT ON IT.
–
– Choose an option such as:
–
– Erase disk and install Linux Mint;
–
– ONLY if the installer clearly shows the 1 TB Samsung as the selected drive.
–
– Check:
–
– Samsung model;
–
– capacity close to 1 TB;
–
– external USB drive.
–
– DO NOT CONFIRM if the displayed drive is:
–
– the internal 750 GB HDD;
–
– SSD1_DATA;
–
– SSD2_DATA;
–
– the Rufus USB flash drive.
–
– If the installer does not allow you to identify the Samsung unambiguously:
–
– DO NOT CONTINUE.
–
– In that case, it is safer to use manual partitioning or temporarily disable the internal drives in the BIOS if this function exists.
–
– MAXIMUM-SAFETY OPTION:
–
– if your MSI BIOS allows you to temporarily disable the internal SATA ports, you can:
–
– turn off the PC;
–
– disable the internal drives;
–
– boot from the USB flash drive again;
–
– install Linux Mint on the Samsung;
–
– then re-enable the internal drives after installation.
–
– This is not mandatory, but it is excellent protection against accidentally selecting the wrong drive.
–
– The Linux Mint installer will automatically create the partitions required by the system on the Samsung.
–
– Therefore, do not manually create an EFI, swap or root partition if you choose the automatic installation.
–
– Then choose:
–
– time zone;
–
– user name;
–
– computer name;
–
– password.
–
– For the user name and machine name:
–
– preferably use lowercase letters;
–
– without accents;
–
– without complicated punctuation.
–
– Reread the final summary before confirming that data will be written to the drive.
–
– The only drive that must be erased by the installer is:
–
– THE EXTERNAL 1 TB SAMSUNG.
–
– Start the installation.
–
– Wait until it finishes.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [13] — FIRST LINUX MINT BOOT FROM THE EXTERNAL SAMSUNG
–
– When installation is finished:
–
– click:
–
– Restart Now.
–
– When Linux Mint asks you to remove the installation media:
–
– remove only the Rufus USB flash drive.
–
– LEAVE THE 1 TB SAMSUNG CONNECTED.
–
– During restart:
–
– press F11.
–
– Look for:
–
– the Samsung;
–
– a UEFI entry corresponding to the system;
–
– Linux Mint;
–
– or possibly an entry called ubuntu.
–
– Linux Mint sometimes technically uses the EFI name:
–
– ubuntu.
–
– Select the entry corresponding to the system installed on the Samsung.
–
– Linux Mint should boot.
–
– IMPORTANT TEST:
–
– completely shut down the MSI;
–
– leave the Samsung connected;
–
– restart;
–
– press F11;
–
– check a second time that Linux Mint boots from the Samsung.
–
– Never disconnect the Samsung while Linux is running.
–
– Preferably always use the same USB 3 port.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [14] — PERFORM THE FIRST UPDATES SAFELY
–
– Once Linux Mint has booted:
–
– connect to the Internet.
–
– Use the Linux Mint Update Manager.
–
– For a beginner:
–
– keep the repositories configured by default;
–
– use the official Linux Mint / Ubuntu servers or the officially recognized mirrors offered by Linux Mint;
–
– do not add any unknown PPA;
–
– do not add any repository found at random in an Internet tutorial.
–
– Run the normal system updates.
–
– Restart if Linux Mint asks you to.
–
– Do not install several different graphics drivers at the same time.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [15] — NVIDIA GEFORCE GTX 675MX: CAUTIOUS PROCEDURE
–
– Your NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX belongs to an older NVIDIA Kepler generation.
–
– NVIDIA indicates that the legacy 470.xx branch is the last driver branch intended for older Kepler GPUs.
–
– The latest legacy 470 version published by NVIDIA is:
–
– 470.256.02.
–
– IMPORTANT WARNING IN 2026:
–
– Ubuntu 24.04 still displays a package named:
–
– nvidia-driver-470;
–
– but the current noble-updates metapackage has become transitional and depends on nvidia-driver-535.
–
– Therefore, you must NOT infer from the package name alone that manually installing nvidia-driver-470 will actually install the legacy 470 driver suited to your GTX 675MX.
–
– DO NOT DO:
–
– sudo apt install nvidia-driver-470;
–
– simply because this name exists in the package list.
–
– Also DO NOT download the NVIDIA .run file to install it manually during your first installation.
–
– Recommended procedure:
–
– Menu;
–
– Administration;
–
– Driver Manager.
–
– Let Linux Mint analyze the hardware.
–
– Write down exactly which drivers are offered.
–
– If Linux Mint clearly indicates a driver as compatible with or recommended for the GTX 675MX:
–
– check its version number before installing it.
–
– If Driver Manager does not offer any proprietary driver that is genuinely compatible with Kepler:
–
– temporarily stay with the open-source Nouveau driver;
–
– do not try to force driver 535 onto the GTX 675MX;
–
– and verify the appropriate legacy solution before making any changes.
–
– This precaution is important because NVIDIA no longer supports Kepler in its modern branches.
–
– After possibly installing a genuinely compatible proprietary driver:
–
– restart.
–
– You can check with:
–
– nvidia-smi
–
– if this command is provided by the installed driver.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [16] — MOUNT AND USE THE INTERNAL PARTITIONS
–
– After installation, the internal partitions will be:
–
– SSD1_DATA;
–
– SSD2_DATA;
–
– DATA;
–
– TIMESHIFT.
–
– They may appear in the file manager.
–
– To mount them automatically at every boot, preferably use the graphical application:
–
– Disks.
–
– Select the drive.
–
– Select the partition.
–
– Click the gear icon.
–
– Choose the mount options.
–
– For a beginner, do not manually modify /etc/fstab as long as the Disks application can perform the configuration.
–
– Suggested use:
–
– SSD1_DATA:
–
– fast Steam games;
–
– emulators;
–
– small files that benefit from an SSD.
–
– SSD2_DATA:
–
– second game library;
–
– ROMs;
–
– software and fast data.
–
– DATA:
–
– documents;
–
– downloads;
–
– ISOs;
–
– videos;
–
– large files;
–
– local backups.
–
– TIMESHIFT:
–
– reserved for Timeshift snapshots.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [17] — CONFIGURE TIMESHIFT ON THE TIMESHIFT PARTITION
–
– Linux Mint recommends configuring system snapshots.
–
– Open:
–
– Menu → Administration → Timeshift.
–
– Choose:
–
– RSYNC.
–
– As the destination:
–
– select the internal partition:
–
– TIMESHIFT.
–
– Timeshift will create its own folder on this partition.
–
– Configure a reasonable snapshot schedule.
–
– For example:
–
– a few daily or weekly snapshots;
–
– without unnecessarily keeping dozens of old copies.
–
– IMPORTANT:
–
– Timeshift is mainly intended for the system.
–
– It is not a true complete backup of all your personal files.
–
– Your important data must also be copied to another independent medium.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [18] — INSTALL STEAM AND USE THE INTERNAL SSDS FOR GAMES
–
– After updates and checking the graphics driver:
–
– install Steam from the sources offered by Linux Mint.
–
– Avoid adding an unknown third-party repository for Steam.
–
– Launch Steam.
–
– Sign in to your account.
–
– In:
–
– Steam → Settings → Storage;
–
– you will be able to add a library on:
–
– SSD1_DATA;
–
– SSD2_DATA;
–
– DATA.
–
– The two small SSDs are fast, but their capacity is limited.
–
– The DATA HDD offers more space but will be slower.
–
– The external Samsung already contains the Linux Mint system and can also host part of the Steam library if you want.
–
– For compatible Windows games:
–
– Steam Play / Proton can be enabled from the Steam settings.
–
– Performance will mainly depend on the GTX 675MX and the graphics driver that is actually available.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [19] — POSSIBLE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
–
– PROBLEM:
–
– black screen when booting the USB flash drive.
–
– SOLUTION:
–
– Linux Mint compatibility mode;
–
– or nomodeset.
–
– PROBLEM:
–
– an internal SSD still appears as a RAID member.
–
– SOLUTION:
–
– do not format it at random;
–
– write down the exact message displayed by GParted;
–
– check the RAID signatures before deleting anything.
–
– PROBLEM:
–
– the Samsung does not appear in F11.
–
– CHECK:
–
– that it is connected before powering on;
–
– that it is connected to a working USB 3 port;
–
– that the boot system was installed in UEFI;
–
– that the BIOS sees the USB device.
–
– PROBLEM:
–
– Linux boots only if an internal drive remains present.
–
– This may mean that the EFI bootloader was placed on an internal drive.
–
– The method in this guide is specifically intended to avoid this problem by removing the old internal EFI partitions and using the Samsung as the installation drive.
–
– PROBLEM:
–
– Driver Manager offers only a modern NVIDIA driver.
–
– Do not install it automatically without checking GTX 675MX compatibility.
–
– Kepler belongs to NVIDIA’s legacy 470 branch.
–
– PROBLEM:
–
– Linux works with Nouveau but games are slow.
–
– This behavior may be related to the graphics driver.
–
– Do not add a random PPA in an attempt to fix the problem.
–
– First check the official options that are compatible with Kepler.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [20] — FINAL SUMMARY OF THE ENTIRE PROCEDURE
–
– BIOS CONFIGURATION:
–
– AHCI = YES;
–
– RAID = NO;
–
– UEFI = PREFERRED;
–
– Boot Menu = F11;
–
– BIOS = Delete.
–
– GPARTED:
–
– internal SSD 1:
–
– GPT;
–
– SSD1_DATA;
–
– entire SSD;
–
– ext4;
–
– no flags.
–
– internal SSD 2:
–
– GPT;
–
– SSD2_DATA;
–
– entire SSD;
–
– ext4;
–
– no flags.
–
– 750 GB HDD:
–
– GPT;
–
– DATA = 500 GiB = ext4;
–
– TIMESHIFT = all the rest ≈ 198 GiB = ext4;
–
– no flags.
–
– 1 TB Samsung:
–
– GPT;
–
– 100% unallocated space;
–
– no manual partition.
–
– RUFUS:
–
– 64 GB USB flash drive;
–
– Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce ISO;
–
– persistence = 0;
–
– GPT;
–
– UEFI non CSM;
–
– FAT32 if offered;
–
– cluster size = default;
–
– quick format = yes;
–
– ISO Image mode if requested.
–
– LIVE BOOT:
–
– F11;
–
– UEFI entry for the USB flash drive.
–
– INSTALLATION:
–
– explicitly select the external 1 TB Samsung;
–
– automatic disk erase option only if the Samsung is clearly identified;
–
– never erase DATA, TIMESHIFT, SSD1_DATA or SSD2_DATA.
–
– FIRST BOOT:
–
– remove only the Rufus USB flash drive;
–
– leave the Samsung connected;
–
– F11;
–
– boot Linux Mint from the Samsung / corresponding EFI entry.
–
– AFTER INSTALLATION:
–
– updates from official repositories or officially recognized mirrors;
–
– Driver Manager for the GTX 675MX;
–
– do not manually force nvidia-driver-470 in 2026;
–
– configure Timeshift on TIMESHIFT;
–
– mount SSD1_DATA, SSD2_DATA and DATA;
–
– install Steam.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [21] — OFFICIAL LINKS
–
– Linux Mint:
–
– https://linuxmint.com/
–
– Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce:
–
– https://linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=327
–
– Official Linux Mint Guide:
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/
–
– Linux Mint Installation:
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html
–
– Linux Mint Partitioning:
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/partitioning.html
–
– Linux Mint EFI:
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/efi.html
–
– Timeshift:
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/timeshift.html
–
– GParted:
–
– https://gparted.org/
–
– GParted Manual:
–
– https://gparted.org/display-doc.php?lang=fr&name=help-manual
–
– Rufus:
–
– https://rufus.ie/
–
– NVIDIA Unix Drivers:
–
– https://www.nvidia.com/fr-fr/drivers/unix/
–
– Ubuntu Packages:
–
– https://packages.ubuntu.com/
–
– END OF TUTORIAL.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– IN FRENCH:
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
‼️ Guide complet : Installer Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce sur un ordinateur portable MSI GT70 de 2013 ‼️MERCI‼️
–
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– SOUS-TITRE
–
– Guide complet étape par étape (bilingue anglais/français) pour préparer, partitionner, formater et installer Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce sur un ordinateur portable MSI GT70 OND-1005FR de 2013 : vérification du BIOS/UEFI (mode SATA AHCI, menu de démarrage F11, BIOS avec la touche Suppr), création de la clé USB d’installation avec Rufus (linuxmint-22.3-xfce-64bit.iso, GPT, UEFI non-CSM), démarrage en session Live, identification certaine de tous les disques avec lsblk et fdisk -l, partitionnement GParted des deux SSD internes (SSD1_DATA et SSD2_DATA, ext4, GPT, aucun drapeau), partitionnement du HDD interne de 750 Go (DATA = 500 Gio ext4 + TIMESHIFT = ~198 Gio ext4), remise à zéro du SSD externe Samsung de 1 To en USB 3 (100 % non alloué), installation automatique de Linux Mint uniquement sur le Samsung, premier démarrage via F11, premières mises à jour sûres depuis les dépôts officiels, gestion prudente du pilote NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX (branche legacy 470 Kepler) avec l’avertissement de 2026 concernant le paquet transitionnel nvidia-driver-470, montage des partitions internes avec l’application Disques, configuration de Timeshift (RSYNC) sur la partition TIMESHIFT, installation de Steam avec des bibliothèques sur les SSD internes et Steam Play/Proton, résolution des problèmes courants (écran noir, signatures RAID, Samsung absent de F11, emplacement du chargeur EFI), résumé final de toute la procédure et liens officiels.
–
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– IN FRENCH:
–
—
–
– INTRODUCTION
–
– Ce document est un tutoriel complet, détaillé et destiné aux débutants, rédigé pour un ordinateur portable MSI GT70 OND-1005FR de 2013 (Intel Core i7-3630QM, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX 4 Go, 12 Go de RAM DDR3, écran 17,3″ 1920×1080) et fourni en anglais et en français. Son but est de guider l’utilisateur en toute sécurité à travers chaque étape de la migration de la machine depuis son ancienne configuration Windows 8 / Super RAID vers Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce installé entièrement sur un SSD externe Samsung de 1 To en USB 3, tout en conservant les disques internes (deux SSD et un HDD de 750 Go) uniquement pour le stockage, les jeux et les sauvegardes Timeshift. Tout au long du guide, l’accent est mis sur l’identification certaine des disques, les sauvegardes et les précautions avant toute opération destructive GParted ou d’installation, puis il couvre la configuration post-installation : mises à jour, gestion prudente de l’ancien pilote NVIDIA de génération Kepler, montage automatique, snapshots système et Steam/Proton pour les jeux, suivi d’une section de dépannage, d’un résumé final et de liens officiels.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– ‼️ TUTORIEL COMPLET ÉTAPE PAR ÉTAPE : LINUX MINT 22.3 XFCE SUR MSI GT70 OND-1005FR DE 2013 — GPARTED, RUFUS, UEFI, SSD SAMSUNG USB 3, DISQUES INTERNES, NVIDIA ET TIMESHIFT ‼️THANK YOU‼️
–
– SOUS-TITRE : Guide complet pour préparer, partitionner, formater et installer Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce sur un ordinateur portable MSI GT70 de 2013, avec GParted, Rufus, UEFI, stockage interne en AHCI, SSD Samsung externe USB 3, pilotes NVIDIA et sauvegardes Timeshift
–
‼️ Creating Bootable USB Drives The Easy Way: Rufus And Safe Alternatives
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/cNkPLyx2
–
– Préambule : si le clavier du laptop ne fonctionne pas, vous devez utiliser un clavier externe en USB.
–
– Mon ordinateur portable de la marque MSI de l’année 2013 :
– Laptop MSI GT70 OND-1005FR
– Color: Red-Black-Red-Black
– Led panel: 17.3″ FHD 1920×1080 (Non-Glare Type)
– CPU: Intel Core i7-3630QM
– VGA: Nvidia Geforce GTX 675MX / 4GB GDDR5
– HDD: 750GB 7200RPM+128GB SSD (SUPER RAID)
– RAM: DDRIII 12GB (4G*3)
– ODD: BD Combo
– RF: 802.11a/b/g/n/+BT
– OS: Windows 8
– Keyboard: French
– Battery: 9 cells
–
– DERNIÈRE VÉRIFICATION : 2026 08 20
–
—
–
– TABLE DES MATIÈRES
–
– PART [01] — GParted : schéma final à obtenir avant l’installation
– PART [02] — Sauvegardes et précautions avant toute modification
– PART [03] — Préparer la clé USB Linux Mint avec Rufus
– PART [04] — Vérifier le BIOS / UEFI du MSI
– PART [05] — Démarrer Linux Mint en mode Live avec F11
– PART [06] — Identifier avec certitude tous les disques avant GParted
– PART [07] — GParted : préparer le SSD interne n°1
– PART [08] — GParted : préparer le SSD interne n°2
– PART [09] — GParted : préparer le HDD interne de 750 Go
– PART [10] — GParted : remettre à zéro le Samsung externe de 1 To
– PART [11] — GParted : contrôle final avant de quitter
– PART [12] — Installer automatiquement Linux Mint sur le Samsung de 1 To
– PART [13] — Premier démarrage de Linux Mint depuis le Samsung externe
– PART [14] — Effectuer les premières mises à jour en sécurité
– PART [15] — NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX : procédure prudente
– PART [16] — Monter et utiliser les partitions internes
– PART [17] — Configurer Timeshift sur la partition TIMESHIFT
– PART [18] — Installer Steam et utiliser les SSD internes pour les jeux
– PART [19] — Problèmes possibles et solutions
– PART [20] — Résumé final de toute la procédure
– PART [21] — Liens officiels
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [01] — GPARTED : SCHÉMA FINAL À OBTENIR AVANT L’INSTALLATION
–
– Comme demandé, ce tutoriel commence par GParted et par le résultat exact que tu dois obtenir.
–
– Ton MSI contient ou utilisera :
–
– deux petits SSD internes qui faisaient auparavant partie du Super RAID MSI ;
–
– un HDD interne de 750 Go ;
–
– un SSD externe Samsung de 1 To en USB 3 ;
–
– une clé USB de 64 Go qui servira de support d’installation Linux Mint.
–
– Ton BIOS est déjà réglé en :
–
– AHCI.
–
– Les deux SSD internes ne seront donc plus en RAID.
–
– Le système Linux Mint sera installé sur :
–
– LE SSD EXTERNE SAMSUNG DE 1 TO EN USB 3.
–
– Les disques internes serviront uniquement :
–
– au stockage ;
–
– aux jeux ;
–
– aux fichiers ;
–
– et à Timeshift.
–
– Aucun disque interne ne doit servir au démarrage de Linux Mint.
–
– SCHÉMA FINAL :
–
– SSD INTERNE N°1 :
–
– table de partitions = GPT ;
–
– une seule partition ;
–
– étiquette du système de fichiers = SSD1_DATA ;
–
– taille = tout le SSD ;
–
– format = ext4 ;
–
– drapeaux = aucun.
–
– SSD INTERNE N°2 :
–
– table de partitions = GPT ;
–
– une seule partition ;
–
– étiquette du système de fichiers = SSD2_DATA ;
–
– taille = tout le SSD ;
–
– format = ext4 ;
–
– drapeaux = aucun.
–
– HDD INTERNE 750 GO :
–
– table de partitions = GPT ;
–
– partition n°1 = DATA ;
–
– taille = 500 Gio ;
–
– format = ext4 ;
–
– partition n°2 = TIMESHIFT ;
–
– taille = tout l’espace restant, environ 198 Gio ;
–
– format = ext4 ;
–
– drapeaux = aucun sur les deux partitions.
–
– SSD EXTERNE SAMSUNG 1 TO :
–
– table de partitions = GPT pour le remettre proprement à zéro ;
–
– aucune partition créée manuellement ;
–
– 100 % de l’espace doit rester NON ALLOUÉ ;
–
– Linux Mint créera automatiquement ses propres partitions pendant l’installation.
–
– IMPORTANT :
–
– les valeurs SSD1_DATA, SSD2_DATA, DATA et TIMESHIFT sont des étiquettes pratiques pour reconnaître les partitions.
–
– Elles ne sont pas obligatoires techniquement, mais je recommande de les utiliser exactement ainsi pour éviter toute confusion.
–
– Sur les partitions internes, ne crée :
–
– aucune partition EFI ;
–
– aucune partition /boot ;
–
– aucune partition swap ;
–
– aucun drapeau boot ;
–
– aucun drapeau esp ;
–
– aucun drapeau bios_grub.
–
– Le système de démarrage doit rester sur le Samsung externe.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [02] — SAUVEGARDES ET PRÉCAUTIONS AVANT TOUTE MODIFICATION
–
– ATTENTION :
–
– les opérations GParted décrites dans ce guide détruiront volontairement les anciennes partitions et les données présentes sur les disques concernés.
–
– Avant de commencer :
–
– sauvegarde toutes les données que tu veux conserver ;
–
– vérifie que la sauvegarde est lisible ;
–
– débranche les disques USB inutiles ;
–
– ne laisse connectés que les périphériques nécessaires.
–
– Le danger principal vient du fait que :
–
– ta clé USB Rufus fait 64 Go ;
–
– tes deux SSD internes font probablement environ 64 Go chacun.
–
– Ils peuvent donc apparaître avec des tailles très proches.
–
– Un SSD annoncé comme 64 GB peut apparaître autour de 59,6 Gio dans GParted.
–
– Un HDD annoncé comme 750 GB apparaît généralement autour de 698,5 Gio.
–
– Un SSD annoncé comme 1 TB apparaît généralement autour de 931 Gio.
–
– NE JAMAIS identifier un disque uniquement grâce à sa taille.
–
– Vérifie toujours :
–
– le modèle ;
–
– la taille ;
–
– la connexion SATA ou USB ;
–
– le numéro de série si disponible ;
–
– le nom Linux du périphérique.
–
– Une erreur de disque dans GParted peut provoquer une perte totale de données.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [03] — PRÉPARER LA CLÉ USB LINUX MINT AVEC RUFUS
–
– Cette étape est la précondition pratique pour pouvoir démarrer Linux Mint en mode Live et utiliser GParted depuis la session Live.
–
– ISO :
–
– Linux Mint 22.3 « Zena » Xfce 64-bit.
–
– Fichier :
–
– linuxmint-22.3-xfce-64bit.iso
–
– Avant Rufus, vérifie idéalement l’intégrité et l’authenticité de l’ISO avec les fichiers officiels Linux Mint.
–
– Tu n’as pas besoin de formater manuellement la clé USB avant Rufus.
–
– Rufus va l’effacer, la formater et la rendre amorçable.
–
– PARAMÈTRES RUFUS :
–
– Périphérique :
–
– ta clé USB de 64 Go.
–
– Sélection de démarrage :
–
– Disque ou image ISO.
–
– Clique :
–
– SÉLECTIONNER.
–
– Choisis :
–
– linuxmint-22.3-xfce-64bit.iso
–
– Persistance :
–
– 0 Go.
–
– Tu n’as pas besoin de persistance pour une clé destinée uniquement à installer Linux Mint.
–
– Schéma de partition :
–
– GPT.
–
– Système de destination :
–
– UEFI (non CSM).
–
– Nom de volume :
–
– laisse le nom proposé par Rufus ;
–
– ou utilise :
–
– MINT223_XFCE
–
– Système de fichiers :
–
– FAT32 si Rufus le propose après chargement de l’ISO.
–
– Taille d’unité d’allocation :
–
– PAR DÉFAUT.
–
– Formatage rapide :
–
– OUI.
–
– Recherche de blocs défectueux :
–
– NON, sauf si tu soupçonnes que la clé est défectueuse.
–
– Si Rufus demande :
–
– Write in ISO Image mode ;
–
– ou :
–
– Write in DD Image mode ;
–
– choisis d’abord :
–
– ISO IMAGE MODE.
–
– Rufus recommande normalement ISO mode en premier lorsque les deux méthodes sont possibles.
–
– IMPORTANT :
–
– si Rufus grise certains paramètres après chargement de l’ISO ou impose une valeur compatible avec l’image, ne force pas un réglage incompatible.
–
– Avant de cliquer sur DÉMARRER :
–
– vérifie une dernière fois que le périphérique sélectionné est bien la clé USB de 64 Go ;
–
– et surtout PAS le Samsung de 1 To.
–
– Clique ensuite sur :
–
– DÉMARRER.
–
– Rufus avertira que toutes les données de la clé seront détruites.
–
– Confirme uniquement si tu as identifié la bonne clé.
–
– Quand Rufus affiche :
–
– PRÊT ;
–
– éjecte proprement la clé depuis Windows.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [04] — VÉRIFIER LE BIOS / UEFI DU MSI
–
– Ton MSI :
–
– MSI GT70 OND-1005FR ;
–
– année 2013 ;
–
– processeur Intel Core i7-3630QM ;
–
– NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX 4 Go ;
–
– 12 Go de RAM DDR3 ;
–
– écran 17,3 pouces 1920 × 1080 ;
–
– HDD 750 Go ;
–
– ancien Super RAID de deux SSD internes.
–
– Touches :
–
– BIOS / UEFI = Suppr. ;
–
– Boot Menu = F11.
–
– Le réglage le plus important est déjà correct :
–
– SATA MODE = AHCI.
–
– Garde :
–
– AHCI.
–
– N’utilise plus :
–
– RAID ;
–
– Super RAID.
–
– Si ton BIOS propose clairement :
–
– UEFI ;
–
– Legacy ;
–
– CSM ;
–
– privilégie :
–
– UEFI.
–
– Ne change pas inutilement d’autres paramètres.
–
– Secure Boot :
–
– tu peux d’abord conserver le réglage actuel.
–
– Si Linux Mint refuse de démarrer à cause d’un message d’erreur lié à Secure Boot, Linux Mint documente la possibilité de désactiver Secure Boot dans le BIOS.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [05] — DÉMARRER LINUX MINT EN MODE LIVE AVEC F11
–
– Branche :
–
– la clé USB Linux Mint ;
–
– le SSD Samsung externe de 1 To.
–
– Allume le MSI.
–
– Appuie plusieurs fois sur :
–
– F11.
–
– Le Boot Menu s’ouvre.
–
– Si la clé apparaît deux fois, choisis de préférence l’entrée :
–
– UEFI: [nom de la clé]
–
– et non l’entrée Legacy.
–
– Linux Mint démarre en session Live.
–
– Avant de modifier un disque, vérifie :
–
– l’affichage 1920 × 1080 ;
–
– le clavier français ;
–
– le touchpad ;
–
– la souris si tu en utilises une ;
–
– l’Ethernet ;
–
– le Wi-Fi ;
–
– le Bluetooth ;
–
– le son ;
–
– la détection du Samsung ;
–
– la détection des deux SSD internes ;
–
– la détection du HDD interne.
–
– Si l’écran reste noir ou présente un gros problème graphique :
–
– redémarre ;
–
– utilise le mode de compatibilité de Linux Mint ;
–
– ou l’option nomodeset documentée par Linux Mint.
–
– Avec une ancienne NVIDIA GTX 675MX, garde cette solution en mémoire.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [06] — IDENTIFIER AVEC CERTITUDE TOUS LES DISQUES AVANT GPARTED
–
– C’est l’étape de sécurité la plus importante.
–
– Ouvre un Terminal dans Linux Mint Live.
–
– Tape :
–
– lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,MODEL,SERIAL,TRAN,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINTS
–
– Cette commande ne modifie rien.
–
– Elle affiche les périphériques.
–
– Identifie :
–
– clé USB Rufus 64 Go = USB ;
–
– Samsung 1 To = USB ;
–
– SSD interne n°1 ≈ 64 Go = SATA ;
–
– SSD interne n°2 ≈ 64 Go = SATA ;
–
– HDD 750 Go = SATA.
–
– Note sur papier :
–
– le modèle ;
–
– la taille ;
–
– le nom Linux de chaque disque.
–
– Les noms peuvent être :
–
– /dev/sda ;
–
– /dev/sdb ;
–
– /dev/sdc ;
–
– /dev/sdd ;
–
– /dev/sde ;
–
– mais cet exemple n’est PAS une correspondance à copier.
–
– Les lettres peuvent être différentes sur ton ordinateur et peuvent changer entre deux démarrages.
–
– Tu peux également utiliser :
–
– sudo fdisk -l
–
– Cette commande affiche les disques et leurs partitions sans les modifier.
–
– Maintenant ouvre :
–
– GParted.
–
– Dans GParted, utilise :
–
– GParted → Périphériques ;
–
– ou la liste déroulante située en haut à droite ;
–
– pour choisir le disque.
–
– Pour vérifier le disque sélectionné :
–
– Affichage → Informations sur le périphérique.
–
– Si une partition est montée :
–
– sélectionne-la ;
–
– Partition → Démonter.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [07] — GPARTED : PRÉPARER LE SSD INTERNE N°1
–
– Sélectionne avec certitude le premier SSD interne.
–
– Vérifie :
–
– modèle ;
–
– taille ;
–
– connexion.
–
– Ne te fie pas uniquement au fait qu’il fait environ 64 Go.
–
– MENU :
–
– Périphérique → Créer une table de partitions.
–
– Type :
–
– GPT.
–
– Clique :
–
– Appliquer.
–
– ATTENTION :
–
– cette opération remplace l’ancienne table de partitions.
–
– Le disque doit ensuite apparaître principalement comme :
–
– non alloué.
–
– Sélectionne :
–
– non alloué.
–
– MENU :
–
– Partition → Nouvelle.
–
– Paramètres :
–
– taille = tout l’espace disponible ;
–
– alignement = MiB / valeur par défaut ;
–
– système de fichiers = ext4 ;
–
– étiquette du système de fichiers = SSD1_DATA.
–
– Si GParted affiche séparément :
–
– Nom de partition ;
–
– et :
–
– Étiquette ;
–
– tu peux laisser le nom GPT vide et mettre surtout :
–
– SSD1_DATA ;
–
– dans le champ Étiquette.
–
– Clique :
–
– Ajouter.
–
– Vérifie les opérations en attente.
–
– Tu peux afficher :
–
– Affichage → Opérations en attente.
–
– Aucun drapeau ne doit être activé.
–
– Ne coche :
–
– ni boot ;
–
– ni esp ;
–
– ni bios_grub.
–
– Lorsque tout est correct :
–
– Édition → Appliquer toutes les opérations ;
–
– ou clique sur la coche verte.
–
– Attends la fin complète.
–
– Résultat :
–
– SSD1_DATA ;
–
– ext4 ;
–
– tout le SSD ;
–
– aucun drapeau.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [08] — GPARTED : PRÉPARER LE SSD INTERNE N°2
–
– Sélectionne maintenant le deuxième SSD interne.
–
– Vérifie à nouveau le modèle et la taille.
–
– MENU :
–
– Périphérique → Créer une table de partitions.
–
– Choisis :
–
– GPT.
–
– Applique.
–
– Sélectionne l’espace :
–
– non alloué.
–
– MENU :
–
– Partition → Nouvelle.
–
– Paramètres :
–
– taille = tout le SSD ;
–
– alignement = MiB / valeur par défaut ;
–
– système de fichiers = ext4 ;
–
– étiquette = SSD2_DATA.
–
– Clique :
–
– Ajouter.
–
– Vérifie les opérations.
–
– Aucun drapeau.
–
– Puis :
–
– Édition → Appliquer toutes les opérations.
–
– Résultat :
–
– SSD2_DATA ;
–
– ext4 ;
–
– tout le SSD ;
–
– aucun drapeau.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [09] — GPARTED : PRÉPARER LE HDD INTERNE DE 750 GO
–
– Sélectionne le HDD interne de 750 Go.
–
– Il devrait apparaître autour de :
–
– 698 Gio.
–
– Vérifie le modèle avant de continuer.
–
– MENU :
–
– Périphérique → Créer une table de partitions.
–
– Choisis :
–
– GPT.
–
– Applique.
–
– Tu dois maintenant créer deux partitions.
–
– PARTITION N°1 :
–
– sélectionne l’espace non alloué ;
–
– Partition → Nouvelle.
–
– Nouvelle taille :
–
– 512000 MiB.
–
– Cela correspond à :
–
– 500 Gio.
–
– Système de fichiers :
–
– ext4.
–
– Étiquette :
–
– DATA.
–
– Alignement :
–
– MiB / valeur par défaut.
–
– Clique :
–
– Ajouter.
–
– PARTITION N°2 :
–
– sélectionne tout l’espace non alloué restant ;
–
– Partition → Nouvelle.
–
– Taille :
–
– laisse TOUT L’ESPACE RESTANT.
–
– Cela devrait représenter environ :
–
– 198 Gio.
–
– La valeur exacte peut légèrement varier.
–
– Système de fichiers :
–
– ext4.
–
– Étiquette :
–
– TIMESHIFT.
–
– Clique :
–
– Ajouter.
–
– Vérifie :
–
– DATA = 500 Gio = ext4 ;
–
– TIMESHIFT = reste du disque ≈ 198 Gio = ext4.
–
– Aucun drapeau sur DATA.
–
– Aucun drapeau sur TIMESHIFT.
–
– Puis :
–
– Édition → Appliquer toutes les opérations.
–
– Attends la fin.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [10] — GPARTED : REMETTRE À ZÉRO LE SAMSUNG EXTERNE DE 1 TO
–
– Le Samsung externe doit servir entièrement à Linux Mint.
–
– Sélectionne avec certitude :
–
– le SSD Samsung de 1 To ;
–
– connexion USB.
–
– Il devrait apparaître autour de :
–
– 931 Gio.
–
– Vérifie son modèle.
–
– MENU :
–
– Périphérique → Créer une table de partitions.
–
– Choisis :
–
– GPT.
–
– Applique.
–
– À la fin :
–
– le Samsung doit apparaître comme espace non alloué sur pratiquement toute sa capacité.
–
– NE CRÉE AUCUNE PARTITION MANUELLEMENT.
–
– NE CRÉE PAS :
–
– ext4 ;
–
– FAT32 ;
–
– EFI ;
–
– swap ;
–
– /home ;
–
– /boot.
–
– Laisse :
–
– 100 % NON ALLOUÉ.
–
– L’installateur Linux Mint s’occupera ensuite automatiquement du partitionnement nécessaire.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [11] — GPARTED : CONTRÔLE FINAL AVANT DE QUITTER
–
– Avant de fermer GParted, vérifie chaque disque.
–
– SSD INTERNE N°1 :
–
– GPT ;
–
– SSD1_DATA ;
–
– ext4 ;
–
– tout le SSD ;
–
– aucun drapeau.
–
– SSD INTERNE N°2 :
–
– GPT ;
–
– SSD2_DATA ;
–
– ext4 ;
–
– tout le SSD ;
–
– aucun drapeau.
–
– HDD INTERNE 750 GO :
–
– GPT ;
–
– DATA = 500 Gio = ext4 ;
–
– TIMESHIFT = tout le reste ≈ 198 Gio = ext4 ;
–
– aucun drapeau.
–
– SSD EXTERNE SAMSUNG 1 TO :
–
– GPT ;
–
– 100 % non alloué ;
–
– aucune partition créée manuellement.
–
– Si les deux anciens SSD apparaissent encore comme :
–
– RAID member ;
–
– isw_raid_member ;
–
– Intel RAID ;
–
– ou une indication RAID similaire ;
–
– ARRÊTE-TOI.
–
– Ne lance pas de commande destructive au hasard.
–
– Il peut rester une signature RAID ancienne.
–
– Dans ce cas, il faut identifier avec certitude les SSD avant d’effacer ces signatures.
–
– Ne lance surtout pas wipefs sur un périphérique dont tu n’es pas absolument certain.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [12] — INSTALLER AUTOMATIQUEMENT LINUX MINT SUR LE SAMSUNG DE 1 TO
–
– Ferme GParted.
–
– Depuis le bureau Live, double-clique :
–
– Install Linux Mint.
–
– Choisis :
–
– langue = Français ;
–
– clavier = Français.
–
– Connecte-toi à Internet si ta connexion fonctionne correctement.
–
– Pour les codecs multimédias :
–
– tu peux les installer pendant l’installation si l’installateur le propose ;
–
– ils peuvent aussi être installés après.
–
– Lorsque l’installateur arrive au choix du disque :
–
– ton objectif est :
–
– EFFACER UNIQUEMENT LE SSD EXTERNE SAMSUNG DE 1 TO ET Y INSTALLER LINUX MINT.
–
– Choisis l’option de type :
–
– Effacer le disque et installer Linux Mint ;
–
– UNIQUEMENT si l’installateur te montre clairement le Samsung de 1 To comme disque sélectionné.
–
– Vérifie :
–
– modèle Samsung ;
–
– capacité proche de 1 To ;
–
– disque externe USB.
–
– NE VALIDE PAS si le disque affiché est :
–
– le HDD interne de 750 Go ;
–
– SSD1_DATA ;
–
– SSD2_DATA ;
–
– la clé USB Rufus.
–
– Si l’installateur ne permet pas d’identifier sans ambiguïté le Samsung :
–
– N’AVANCE PAS.
–
– Dans ce cas, il est plus sûr d’utiliser le partitionnement manuel ou de désactiver temporairement les disques internes dans le BIOS si cette fonction existe.
–
– OPTION DE SÉCURITÉ MAXIMALE :
–
– si le BIOS de ton MSI permet de désactiver temporairement les ports SATA internes, tu peux :
–
– éteindre le PC ;
–
– désactiver les disques internes ;
–
– redémarrer sur la clé ;
–
– installer Linux Mint sur le Samsung ;
–
– puis réactiver les disques internes après l’installation.
–
– Ce n’est pas obligatoire, mais c’est une excellente protection contre une sélection accidentelle du mauvais disque.
–
– L’installateur Linux Mint créera automatiquement sur le Samsung les partitions nécessaires au système.
–
– Ne crée donc pas manuellement de partition EFI, swap ou root si tu choisis l’installation automatique.
–
– Choisis ensuite :
–
– fuseau horaire ;
–
– nom d’utilisateur ;
–
– nom de l’ordinateur ;
–
– mot de passe.
–
– Pour le nom d’utilisateur et le nom de machine :
–
– utilise de préférence des lettres minuscules ;
–
– sans accent ;
–
– sans ponctuation compliquée.
–
– Relis le résumé final avant de confirmer l’écriture sur le disque.
–
– Le seul disque qui doit être effacé par l’installateur est :
–
– LE SAMSUNG EXTERNE DE 1 TO.
–
– Lance l’installation.
–
– Attends qu’elle se termine.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [13] — PREMIER DÉMARRAGE DE LINUX MINT DEPUIS LE SAMSUNG EXTERNE
–
– Quand l’installation est terminée :
–
– clique :
–
– Redémarrer maintenant.
–
– Lorsque Linux Mint demande de retirer le support d’installation :
–
– retire uniquement la clé USB Rufus.
–
– LAISSE LE SAMSUNG 1 TO CONNECTÉ.
–
– Au redémarrage :
–
– appuie sur F11.
–
– Cherche :
–
– le Samsung ;
–
– une entrée UEFI correspondant au système ;
–
– Linux Mint ;
–
– ou éventuellement une entrée appelée ubuntu.
–
– Linux Mint utilise parfois techniquement le nom EFI :
–
– ubuntu.
–
– Sélectionne l’entrée correspondant au système installé sur le Samsung.
–
– Linux Mint doit démarrer.
–
– TEST IMPORTANT :
–
– éteins complètement le MSI ;
–
– laisse le Samsung branché ;
–
– redémarre ;
–
– appuie sur F11 ;
–
– vérifie une deuxième fois que Linux Mint démarre depuis le Samsung.
–
– Ne débranche jamais le Samsung pendant que Linux fonctionne.
–
– Utilise de préférence toujours le même port USB 3.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [14] — EFFECTUER LES PREMIÈRES MISES À JOUR EN SÉCURITÉ
–
– Une fois Linux Mint démarré :
–
– connecte-toi à Internet.
–
– Utilise le Gestionnaire de mises à jour de Linux Mint.
–
– Pour un débutant :
–
– conserve les dépôts configurés par défaut ;
–
– utilise les serveurs officiels de Linux Mint / Ubuntu ou les miroirs officiellement reconnus proposés par Linux Mint ;
–
– n’ajoute aucun PPA inconnu ;
–
– n’ajoute aucun dépôt trouvé au hasard dans un tutoriel Internet.
–
– Lance les mises à jour normales du système.
–
– Redémarre si Linux Mint le demande.
–
– N’installe pas plusieurs pilotes graphiques différents en même temps.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [15] — NVIDIA GEFORCE GTX 675MX : PROCÉDURE PRUDENTE
–
– Ta NVIDIA GeForce GTX 675MX appartient à une ancienne génération NVIDIA Kepler.
–
– NVIDIA indique que la branche legacy 470.xx est la dernière branche de pilotes destinée aux anciens GPU Kepler.
–
– La dernière version legacy 470 publiée par NVIDIA est :
–
– 470.256.02.
–
– ATTENTION IMPORTANTE EN 2026 :
–
– Ubuntu 24.04 affiche encore un paquet nommé :
–
– nvidia-driver-470 ;
–
– mais le méta-paquet actuel de noble-updates est devenu transitionnel et dépend de nvidia-driver-535.
–
– Il ne faut donc PAS déduire du simple nom du paquet qu’une installation manuelle de nvidia-driver-470 installera réellement le pilote legacy 470 adapté à ta GTX 675MX.
–
– NE FAIS PAS :
–
– sudo apt install nvidia-driver-470 ;
–
– simplement parce que ce nom existe dans la liste des paquets.
–
– NE télécharge pas non plus le fichier .run NVIDIA pour l’installer manuellement lors de ta première installation.
–
– Procédure recommandée :
–
– Menu ;
–
– Administration ;
–
– Gestionnaire de pilotes.
–
– Laisse Linux Mint analyser le matériel.
–
– Note exactement les pilotes proposés.
–
– Si Linux Mint indique clairement un pilote comme compatible ou recommandé pour la GTX 675MX :
–
– vérifie son numéro avant de l’installer.
–
– Si le Gestionnaire de pilotes ne propose aucun pilote propriétaire réellement compatible avec Kepler :
–
– reste temporairement avec le pilote libre Nouveau ;
–
– n’essaie pas de forcer le pilote 535 sur la GTX 675MX ;
–
– et vérifie la solution legacy appropriée avant toute manipulation.
–
– Cette précaution est importante parce que NVIDIA ne prend plus Kepler en charge dans ses branches modernes.
–
– Après installation éventuelle d’un pilote propriétaire réellement compatible :
–
– redémarre.
–
– Tu pourras vérifier avec :
–
– nvidia-smi
–
– si cette commande est fournie par le pilote installé.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [16] — MONTER ET UTILISER LES PARTITIONS INTERNES
–
– Après installation, les partitions internes seront :
–
– SSD1_DATA ;
–
– SSD2_DATA ;
–
– DATA ;
–
– TIMESHIFT.
–
– Elles peuvent apparaître dans le gestionnaire de fichiers.
–
– Pour les monter automatiquement à chaque démarrage, utilise de préférence l’application graphique :
–
– Disques.
–
– Sélectionne le disque.
–
– Sélectionne la partition.
–
– Clique sur l’icône d’engrenage.
–
– Choisis les options de montage.
–
– Pour un débutant, ne modifie pas manuellement /etc/fstab tant que l’application Disques peut effectuer la configuration.
–
– Utilisation proposée :
–
– SSD1_DATA :
–
– jeux Steam rapides ;
–
– émulateurs ;
–
– petits fichiers nécessitant un SSD.
–
– SSD2_DATA :
–
– deuxième bibliothèque de jeux ;
–
– ROM ;
–
– logiciels et données rapides.
–
– DATA :
–
– documents ;
–
– téléchargements ;
–
– ISO ;
–
– vidéos ;
–
– fichiers volumineux ;
–
– sauvegardes locales.
–
– TIMESHIFT :
–
– réservée aux snapshots Timeshift.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [17] — CONFIGURER TIMESHIFT SUR LA PARTITION TIMESHIFT
–
– Linux Mint recommande de configurer des snapshots système.
–
– Ouvre :
–
– Menu → Administration → Timeshift.
–
– Choisis :
–
– RSYNC.
–
– Comme destination :
–
– sélectionne la partition interne :
–
– TIMESHIFT.
–
– Timeshift créera son propre dossier sur cette partition.
–
– Configure un calendrier raisonnable de snapshots.
–
– Par exemple :
–
– quelques snapshots quotidiens ou hebdomadaires ;
–
– sans conserver inutilement des dizaines de copies anciennes.
–
– IMPORTANT :
–
– Timeshift est principalement destiné au système.
–
– Ce n’est pas une vraie sauvegarde complète de tous tes fichiers personnels.
–
– Tes données importantes doivent aussi être copiées sur un autre support indépendant.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [18] — INSTALLER STEAM ET UTILISER LES SSD INTERNES POUR LES JEUX
–
– Après les mises à jour et la vérification du pilote graphique :
–
– installe Steam depuis les sources proposées par Linux Mint.
–
– Évite d’ajouter un dépôt tiers inconnu pour Steam.
–
– Lance Steam.
–
– Connecte-toi à ton compte.
–
– Dans :
–
– Steam → Settings / Paramètres → Storage / Stockage ;
–
– tu pourras ajouter une bibliothèque sur :
–
– SSD1_DATA ;
–
– SSD2_DATA ;
–
– DATA.
–
– Les deux petits SSD sont rapides mais leur capacité est limitée.
–
– Le HDD DATA offre davantage d’espace mais sera plus lent.
–
– Le Samsung externe contient déjà le système Linux Mint et peut également héberger une partie de la bibliothèque Steam si tu le souhaites.
–
– Pour les jeux Windows compatibles :
–
– Steam Play / Proton pourra être activé depuis les paramètres Steam.
–
– Les performances dépendront surtout de la GTX 675MX et du pilote graphique réellement disponible.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [19] — PROBLÈMES POSSIBLES ET SOLUTIONS
–
– PROBLÈME :
–
– écran noir au démarrage de la clé.
–
– SOLUTION :
–
– mode de compatibilité Linux Mint ;
–
– ou nomodeset.
–
– PROBLÈME :
–
– un SSD interne apparaît encore comme membre RAID.
–
– SOLUTION :
–
– ne le formate pas au hasard ;
–
– note exactement le message de GParted ;
–
– vérifie les signatures RAID avant toute suppression.
–
– PROBLÈME :
–
– le Samsung n’apparaît pas dans F11.
–
– VÉRIFIE :
–
– qu’il est branché avant l’allumage ;
–
– qu’il est connecté à un port USB 3 fonctionnel ;
–
– que le démarrage a été installé en UEFI ;
–
– que le BIOS voit le périphérique USB.
–
– PROBLÈME :
–
– Linux démarre uniquement si un disque interne reste présent.
–
– Cela peut signifier que le chargeur EFI a été placé sur un disque interne.
–
– La méthode de ce guide cherche précisément à éviter ce problème en supprimant les anciennes partitions EFI internes et en utilisant le Samsung comme disque d’installation.
–
– PROBLÈME :
–
– le Gestionnaire de pilotes propose uniquement un pilote NVIDIA moderne.
–
– Ne l’installe pas automatiquement sans vérifier la compatibilité de la GTX 675MX.
–
– Kepler appartient à la branche legacy 470 chez NVIDIA.
–
– PROBLÈME :
–
– Linux fonctionne avec Nouveau mais les jeux sont lents.
–
– Ce comportement peut être lié au pilote graphique.
–
– N’ajoute pas un PPA aléatoire pour tenter de corriger le problème.
–
– Vérifie d’abord les options officielles et compatibles avec Kepler.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [20] — RÉSUMÉ FINAL DE TOUTE LA PROCÉDURE
–
– CONFIGURATION BIOS :
–
– AHCI = OUI ;
–
– RAID = NON ;
–
– UEFI = À PRIVILÉGIER ;
–
– Boot Menu = F11 ;
–
– BIOS = Suppr.
–
– GPARTED :
–
– SSD interne 1 :
–
– GPT ;
–
– SSD1_DATA ;
–
– tout le SSD ;
–
– ext4 ;
–
– aucun drapeau.
–
– SSD interne 2 :
–
– GPT ;
–
– SSD2_DATA ;
–
– tout le SSD ;
–
– ext4 ;
–
– aucun drapeau.
–
– HDD 750 Go :
–
– GPT ;
–
– DATA = 500 Gio = ext4 ;
–
– TIMESHIFT = tout le reste ≈ 198 Gio = ext4 ;
–
– aucun drapeau.
–
– Samsung 1 To :
–
– GPT ;
–
– 100 % espace non alloué ;
–
– aucune partition manuelle.
–
– RUFUS :
–
– clé 64 Go ;
–
– ISO Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce ;
–
– persistance = 0 ;
–
– GPT ;
–
– UEFI non CSM ;
–
– FAT32 si proposé ;
–
– unité d’allocation = par défaut ;
–
– formatage rapide = oui ;
–
– ISO Image mode si demandé.
–
– DÉMARRAGE LIVE :
–
– F11 ;
–
– entrée UEFI de la clé.
–
– INSTALLATION :
–
– sélectionner explicitement le Samsung externe 1 To ;
–
– option automatique d’effacement du disque uniquement si le Samsung est clairement identifié ;
–
– ne jamais effacer DATA, TIMESHIFT, SSD1_DATA ou SSD2_DATA.
–
– PREMIER DÉMARRAGE :
–
– retirer seulement la clé Rufus ;
–
– laisser le Samsung branché ;
–
– F11 ;
–
– démarrer Linux Mint depuis le Samsung / entrée EFI correspondante.
–
– APRÈS INSTALLATION :
–
– mises à jour depuis les dépôts officiels ou miroirs officiellement reconnus ;
–
– Gestionnaire de pilotes pour la GTX 675MX ;
–
– ne pas forcer manuellement nvidia-driver-470 en 2026 ;
–
– configurer Timeshift sur TIMESHIFT ;
–
– monter SSD1_DATA, SSD2_DATA et DATA ;
–
– installer Steam.
–
—
–
—
–
– PART [21] — LIENS OFFICIELS
–
– Linux Mint :
–
– https://linuxmint.com/
–
– Linux Mint 22.3 Xfce :
–
– https://linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=327
–
– Guide officiel Linux Mint :
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/
–
– Installation Linux Mint :
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html
–
– Partitionnement Linux Mint :
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/partitioning.html
–
– EFI Linux Mint :
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/efi.html
–
– Timeshift :
–
– https://linuxmint-installation-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/timeshift.html
–
– GParted :
–
– https://gparted.org/
–
– Manuel GParted :
–
– https://gparted.org/display-doc.php?lang=fr&name=help-manual
–
– Rufus :
–
– https://rufus.ie/
–
– NVIDIA Unix Drivers :
–
– https://www.nvidia.com/fr-fr/drivers/unix/
–
– Ubuntu Packages :
–
– https://packages.ubuntu.com/
–
– FIN DU TUTORIEL.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
‼️‼️ THANK YOU VERY MUCH ‼️‼️
‼️‼️ MERCI BEAUCOUP ‼️‼️
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————

– KEYWORDS: Linux Mint 22.3, MSI GT70 OND-1005FR, Xfce, GParted, Rufus, UEFI, NVIDIA GTX 675MX, Timeshift, Steam, external USB SSD

– MOTS-CLÉS : Linux Mint 22.3, MSI GT70 OND-1005FR, Xfce, GParted, Rufus, UEFI, NVIDIA GTX 675MX, Timeshift, Steam, SSD externe USB

 

‼️ 2026 08 20 ‼️ THE LISTS OF GAMES I HAVE INSTALLED ON STEAM AND GOG:
–
—
–
– STEAM LIST – 49 GAMES
–
– 01] Age of Wonders 1 – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Age+of+Wonders
– 02] Age of Wonders 2 – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Age+of+Wonders+2
– 03] Age of Wonders 3 (AoW3) – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Age+of+Wonders+III
– 04] Age of Wonders 4 – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Age+of+Wonders+4
– 05] Age of Wonders Planetfall – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Age+of+Wonders+Planetfall
– 06] Age of Wonders Shadow Magic – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Age+of+Wonders+Shadow+Magic
– 07] Anno 1404 – History Edition – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Anno+1404+-+History+Edition
– 08] ConquestOfElysium5 – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Conquest+of+Elysium+5
– 09] Crusader Kings III – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Crusader+Kings+III
– 10] Diablo IV – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Diablo+IV
– 11] Disciples II Galleans Return – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Disciples+II+Galleans+Return
– 12] Disciples II Rise of the Elves – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Disciples+II+Rise+of+the+Elves
– 13] Disciples Sacred Lands Gold – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Disciples+Sacred+Lands+Gold
– 14] eFootball – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=eFootball
– 15] Empyrion – Galactic Survival – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Empyrion+-+Galactic+Survival
– 16] FINAL FANTASY FFX&FFX-2 HD Remaster – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+X+X-2+HD+Remaster
– 17] FINAL FANTASY II PR – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+II+Pixel+Remaster
– 18] FINAL FANTASY III PR – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+III+Pixel+Remaster
– 19] FINAL FANTASY IV PR – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+IV+Pixel+Remaster
– 20] FINAL FANTASY IX – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+IX
– 21] FINAL FANTASY PR – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+Pixel+Remaster
– 22] FINAL FANTASY V PR – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+V+Pixel+Remaster
– 23] FINAL FANTASY VI PR – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+VI+Pixel+Remaster
– 24] FINAL FANTASY VII – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+VII
– 25] FINAL FANTASY VIII Remastered – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=FINAL+FANTASY+VIII+Remastered
– 26] Football Manager 2022 – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Football+Manager+2022
– 27] Football Manager 2024 – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Football+Manager+2024
– 28] Gothic – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Gothic
– 29] Humankind – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Humankind
– 30] Knights of Honor II – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Knights+of+Honor+II
– 31] Kohan Ahrimans Gift – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Kohan+Ahrimans+Gift
– 32] Kohan II – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Kohan+II
– 33] Kohan Immortal Sovereigns – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Kohan+Immortal+Sovereigns
– 34] Max Payne – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Max+Payne
– 35] Max Payne 2 The Fall of Max Payne – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Max+Payne+2+The+Fall+of+Max+Payne
– 36] Millennia – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Millennia
– 37] Omikron: The Nomad Soul – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Omikron
– 38] Outward – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Outward
– 39] Psychonauts – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Psychonauts
– 40] RebelGalaxyOutlaw – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Rebel+Galaxy+Outlaw
– 41] Sa・Ga COLLECTION – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Sa%E3%83%BBGa+COLLECTION
– 42] Shadow Empire – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Shadow+Empire
– 43] Sid Meier’s Civilization VI – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Sid+Meier%27s+Civilization+VI
– 44] Skyrim Special Edition – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=Skyrim+Special+Edition
– 45] The Bard’s Tale IV Director’s Cut – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=The+Bard%27s+Tale+IV+Director%27s+Cut
– 46] The Bard’s Tale Trilogy – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=The+Bard%27s+Tale+Trilogy
– 47] The Bards Tale – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=The+Bards+Tale
– 48] x3 terran conflict – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=X3+Terran+Conflict
– 49] X4 Foundations – https://store.steampowered.com/search/?term=X4+Foundations
–
– NOTE:
– RetroArch is not included in the Steam list because it is an emulation frontend/framework and not a game.
– RetroArch on Steam: https://store.steampowered.com/app/1118310/RetroArch/
–
—
–
– GOG LIST – 40 GAMES
–
– 01] Age of Wonders 1 – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Age+of+Wonders
– 02] Age of Wonders – Shadow Magic – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Age+of+Wonders+-+Shadow+Magic
– 03] Age of Wonders 2 – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Age+of+Wonders+2
– 04] Ascension to the Throne – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Ascension+to+the+Throne
– 05] Boiling Point: Road to Hell – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Boiling+Point+Road+to+Hell
– 06] Combat Mission 2 Barbarossa to Berlin – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Combat+Mission+2+Barbarossa+to+Berlin
– 07] Combat Mission 3 Afrika Korps – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Combat+Mission+3+Afrika+Korps
– 08] Combat Mission Beyond Overlord – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Combat+Mission+Beyond+Overlord
– 09] Diablo – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Diablo
– 10] Diablo 1 HD MOD [MOD — lien du jeu de base Diablo] – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Diablo
– 11] E.Y.E Divine Cybermancy – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=E.Y.E+Divine+Cybermancy
– 12] Elven Legacy Collection – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Elven+Legacy+Collection
– 13] Fantasy General – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Fantasy+General
– 14] Geneforge 1 – Mutagen – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Geneforge+1+-+Mutagen
– 15] Knights and Merchants – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Knights+and+Merchants
– 16] Knights of Honor – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Knights+of+Honor
– 17] KnightShift – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=KnightShift
– 18] Loop Hero – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Loop+Hero
– 19] Lords of Magic SE – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Lords+of+Magic+SE
– 20] Master of Magic (2022) – https://www.gog.com/en/game/master_of_magic
– 21] Master of Magic (classic) – https://www.gog.com/en/game/master_of_magic_classic
– 22] Metal Gear – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Metal+Gear
– 23] Metal Gear Solid – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Metal+Gear+Solid
– 24] Metal Gear Solid 2 Substance – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Metal+Gear+Solid+2+Substance
– 25] Missionforce Cyberstorm – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Missionforce+Cyberstorm
– 26] Omikron – The Nomad Soul – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Omikron+-+The+Nomad+Soul
– 27] Pacific General – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Pacific+General
– 28] Paladin – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Paladin
– 29] Paladin 2 – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Paladin+2
– 30] Star General – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Star+General
– 31] Starlord – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Starlord
– 32] The Elder Scrolls: Arena – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=The+Elder+Scrolls+Arena
– 33] The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=The+Elder+Scrolls+II+Daggerfall
– 34] The Immortal – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=The+Immortal
– 35] Warrior Kings – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Warrior+Kings
– 36] Warrior Kings – Battles – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Warrior+Kings+-+Battles
– 37] Wizardry – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Wizardry
– 38] Wizardry 6 – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Wizardry+6
– 39] Wizardry 7 Gold – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Wizardry+7+Gold
– 40] Wizardry 8 – https://www.gog.com/en/games?query=Wizardry+8
–
—
–
–
‼️‼️ LeGamerInfini DOCUMENTS HERE:
https://pastebin.com/u/LeGamerInfini
–
–
—
–

‼️ 2026 08 19 ‼️ THE LINUX INSTALLATION GUIDE AND DJ VOX SINISTRA:
–
– Today (19/08/2026), I will work on the Linux installation guide for beginners in order to make progress on creating this document. And, the latest video from DJ Vox Sinistra.
–
‼️ 2026 08 19 ‼️ Vox Sinistra (Recorded August 16, 2026): Ambient / Downtempo / Trip-Hop / IDM / Glitch / Minimal Synth DJ Set
– LINK OF THE VIDEO OF THE TITLE:
– https://youtu.be/dgJXur2LMwo
–
– ESSENTIAL LINKS OF DJ VOX SINISTRA:
– https://www.youtube.com/@VoxSinistra/videos
– https://www.youtube.com/@Strict_Tempo/videos
– https://www.twitch.tv/voxsinistra
– https://www.twitch.tv/voxsinistragaming
–
– PRESENTATION OF DJ VOX SINISTRA, LINKTREE, AND NEWSLETTER:
– Vox Sinistra, who is a great DJ, deserves your support. Support the artists, buy the music.
– Vox Sinistra is a Los Angeles-based dark alternative/electronic DJ exploring dark underground electronic sounds, blending retro and modern inspirations.
– She is the host of the dark synth club night Strict Tempo and a member of the Dark Night Team. Her sets span old-school EBM, industrial, New Beat, post-punk, coldwave/darkwave, minimal and cold waves, forward-thinking electro and techno, dark/industrial techno, acid house, Italo disco, synth-pop, new wave, and all things cold, dark, and wave-y.
– Tagline: Industrial | Coldwave / Darkwave | Post-Punk | Dark Techno / Electro | Acid | New Beat | Italo | Dark Dance | Cat Rave
– Gaming stream (voxsinistragaming): This is the gaming stream of dark alternative/electronic DJ Vox Sinistra.
– https://linktr.ee/VoxSinistra
– https://linktr.ee/stricttempo
– Vox Sinistra Newsletter signup:
– https://bigcartel.us20.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=ee221290053821ee4507c3ae4&id=180aaa65bb
– substack Mailing list signup:
– https://voxsinistra.substack.com/
–
– Some links to support the DJ “Vox Sinistra”:
– Patreon:
– https://www.patreon.com/voxsinistra
– Tip with PayPal:
– https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/StrictTempo
– Tip with Venmo:
– https://account.venmo.com/u/StrictTempo
– Tip with crypto:
– https://1upcoin.com/donate/voxsinistra
– PayPal.me/StrictTempo
– Venmo @StrictTempo
– Cash App $StrictTempo
– More options:
– https://streamelements.com/voxsinistra/tip
– Big Cartel merch store:
– https://voxsinistra.bigcartel.com/
– Throne (shop):
– https://storefront.throne.com/voxsinistra
– https://throne.com/voxsinistra
– Amazon:
– https://www.amazon.com/registries/gl/guest-view/3IGXLHH7MEV6L
– https://www.amazon.com/hz/wishlist/ls/3EBOY61BZH9H
– https://www.amazon.com/shop/influencer-daa4db0f
–
– LANGUAGE LEARNING WITH BABEL:
– https://try.babbel.com/influencer-evergreen-desk-flags-6m/
–
– TWITCH:
– DISCOVER NEW SATANIC-THEMED MUSIC ON THE VOX SINISTRA TWITCH CHANNEL:
– https://www.twitch.tv/voxsinistra
– https://www.twitch.tv/voxsinistragaming
–
– KICK:
– https://kick.com/voxsinistra
–
– YOUTUBE:
– https://www.youtube.com/@VoxSinistra/videos
– https://www.youtube.com/@Strict_Tempo/videos
– https://www.youtube.com/@voxsinistragaming/videos
–
– TIKTOK:
– https://www.tiktok.com/@voxsinistra
– https://www.tiktok.com/@strict__tempo
–
– FACEBOOK:
– https://www.facebook.com/vox.sinistra
– https://www.facebook.com/brittnie.fuller
– https://www.facebook.com/secretmeaningofthings
– https://www.facebook.com/stricttempoevents
– https://www.facebook.com/groups/stricttempo
– https://www.facebook.com/groups/462809388253590
–
– INSTAGRAM:
– https://www.instagram.com/vox.sinistra/
– https://www.instagram.com/djtuxedobeans/
– https://www.instagram.com/strict__tempo/
–
– THREADS:
– https://www.threads.net/@vox.sinistra
– https://www.threads.net/@strict__tempo
–
– Bluesky (BSky):
– https://bsky.app/profile/voxsinistra.bsky.social
– https://bsky.app/profile/stricttempo.bandcamp.com
–
– X/TWITTER:
– https://x.com/Vox_Sinistra
–
– SUBSTACK:
– https://voxsinistra.substack.com/
–
– WEBSITE:
– https://secretmeaningofthings.com/
–
– eventbrite:
– https://www.eventbrite.com/o/vox-sinistra-34419258993
–
– DISCORD:
– https://discord.gg/JKnvPKvhBa
– https://discord.com/invite/JKnvPKvhBa
– https://discord.com/invite/6yTxJMrzRw
–
– BANDCAMP:
– https://voxsinistra.bandcamp.com/
– https://stricttempo.bandcamp.com/
– Angelic Forces: https://voxsinistra.bandcamp.com/track/angelic-forces
– https://mailchi.mp/417311b7b9e1/personal-letter-my-first-bandcamp-friday
–
– DEEZER:
– Angelic Forces: https://www.deezer.com/en/track/2231097727
–
– SPOTIFY:
– https://open.spotify.com/intl-fr/artist/4afmEsNOHw6desEcSSEzmA
–
– MIXCLOUD:
– https://www.mixcloud.com/VoxSinistra/
– https://www.mixcloud.com/VoxSinistra/subscribe/
– https://www.mixcloud.com/StrictTempo/
–
– SOUNDCLOUD:
– https://soundcloud.com/voxsinistra
– https://soundcloud.com/strict_tempo
–
– HEARTHIS:
– https://hearthis.at/voxsinistra/
–
—
–
– THE BIBLE’S PROPHECY REGARDING THE MUSIC OF THE ANTICHRIST, FEATURING DJ VOX SINISTRA AND THE SATANISTS:
–
‼️‼️‼️ IMPORTANT DOCUMENT: YOUTUBE CHANNELS OF THE RECORD LABELS (AND FESTIVALS) OF THE SATANISTS, AND RELEASES AND PROMOTIONS TO HELP AND PUBLICIZE GOOD METAL BANDS (AND OTHER BANDS) AND COLLABORATE IN THEIR DIFFUSION.
‼️‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/mGVBgPWM
–
‼️ GREAT FREE SOFTWARE TO LISTEN TO YOUR MUSIC AND TO CREATE YOUR MUSIC.
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/auMDG9eC
–
‼️‼️ VERY IMPORTANT: THE SATANISTS PRODUCE THE BEST MUSIC IN THE WORLD BECAUSE THE SATANISTS ARE FREE. THE PROPHECIES OF THE BIBLE ABOUT THE MUSIC AND ABOUT THE ANTICHRIST ARE PARTIALLY FULFILLED. THE ANTICHRIST IS A MUSIC CREATOR WHO CREATES MUSIC WITH SATANISTS, AND SOMETIMES WITH SOME HUMANS WHO ARE NOT SATANISTS. THE ANTICHRIST HAS A GIFT FOR MUSIC. AS IN THE BIBLE, THE ANTICHRIST IS A GOOD COMPOSER; THE ANTICHRIST HAS HIS OWN MUSICAL STYLE WHICH IS VERY ORIGINAL. THE CHRISTIANS ARE LOCKED IN A MUSICAL STRAITJACKET IN ORDER TO PLEASE GOD, WHILE THE SATANISTS ARE QUITE FREE, AT THE MUSICAL LEVEL:
https://www.facebook.com/fred.infini/posts/pfbid02LAbWrbPsUYs8jarrCd6zTMfbh1e5eM5uoFMNPTfB3tqmZhhS6buxA5yFoGvKGLuyl
https://vk.com/vrai_antichrist?w=wall313976604_981
–
– The Antichrist doesn’t have the time to create his music by himself: it is the Satanists who create and disseminate the music that has been imagined by the Antichrist…
https://www.twitch.tv/graemerz
https://www.twitch.tv/geisterweltnights
https://www.twitch.tv/voxsinistra
https://www.twitch.tv/mortasha_kinski
https://www.twitch.tv/virtualgothnight
–
– The Satanists produce better music than the Christians because the Satanists are quite free, while the Christians are not quite free because the Christians are obliged to obey God…:
–
– The music of the Satanists is more diverse and creative than the music of the Christians; the Satanists have more creativity than the Christians regarding music, because the Satanists are freer than the Christians who have to please God and who have to obey God. These are the reasons why the Satanists produce better music than the music of the Christians, because the Satanists do not have the same limits as the Christians…:
–
—
‼️‼️ THANK YOU VERY MUCH ‼️‼️
—
–
—
–
———————————
———————————

‼️ 2026 08 18 ‼️ May God Grant Us a Little More Time So That We Can Repent — New Document: Linux-Optimized Computers with Linux Preinstalled:
–
‼️ NEW DOCUMENT: 2026 08 18: ‼️ Linux-Optimized Computers with Linux Preinstalled: System76 and Its European Alternatives
‼️ HERE:
– https://real-antichrist.com/2026/08/18/9082/
– https://pastebin.com/yigyymLD
–
—
–
– PREAMBLE: GOD IS THE MASTER OF ALL AND GOD IS GOOD AND HE TESTS US (WE MUST CHOOSE GOOD IN ORDER TO AVOID PUNISHMENT):
–
– I have understood that God grants us time to repent, just as He did for Nineveh. Those who repent will be rewarded, while those who persist in impenitence will be punished. I believe that the heavenly punishment that was striking Christians will resume and continue, because many refuse to repent.
–
– Indeed, some Christians have ordered Yasmine to continue calling the Antichrist in order to force him to deflower her. These same people still demand that I deflower Émilie, a member of my family, as well as other virgins like Yasmine. This is the reason why I believe this heavenly chastisement will begin again, even though I have ordered the end of the global dictatorship for 10/04/2026. The Antichrist is not responsible for this punishment; the heavens have decided to sanction Christians because they seek to compel him to deflower certain virgins for God and for certain biblical prophecies which, in my view, are lies.
–
– In summary, the heavenly punishment will resume because Christians have not repented; they persist in wanting to force the Antichrist to deflower Yasmine, Émilie, and other virgins. Unlike Christians, the Antichrist is repenting: I am completely disinterested in these virgins with whom they want to force me to fornicate. I wish to work in order to serve humans and angels, that is to say, to bear fruit, which is good… Whereas it is evil to force me to commit these deflorations for lies…
–
—
–
—
–
‼️ Linux-Optimized Computers with Linux Preinstalled: System76 and Its European Alternatives:
–
—
–
– System76 and Its European Alternatives:
–
– Discover System76, the American Linux-first computer manufacturer, and explore the best European alternatives for high-performance, open-source-oriented, privacy-respecting and user-controlled computing.
–
– LAST VERIFICATION: 2026 08 17.
–
—
–
– English version
–
– SYSTEM76 (UNITED STATES) – LINUX COMPUTER MANUFACTURER:
–
– System76 is an American computer manufacturer based in Denver, Colorado. The company offers laptops, desktops, workstations and servers designed for Linux users, with Pop!_OS or Ubuntu available on its computers.
–
– Pop!_OS is System76’s own Linux operating system. It is developed in-house by System76, is free to download, and is closely integrated with the company’s hardware. It must not be described as a proprietary distribution.
–
– System76 is strongly committed to open-source software, open firmware, user control, privacy and repairability. Its Thelio desktops are designed, engineered, manufactured and assembled at the company’s factory in Denver, Colorado. Its laptops and portable workstations are optimized for Linux, and many models are designed so that components such as RAM and storage can be upgraded or replaced.
–
– The name “System76” contains the number 76, making it particularly easy to recognize among Linux-oriented computer brands.
–
– OFFICIAL SYSTEM76 LINKS:
–
– MAIN WEBSITE: https://system76.com
– LAPTOPS: https://system76.com/laptops
– DESKTOPS: https://system76.com/desktops
– WORKSTATIONS: https://system76.com/workstations
– SERVERS: https://system76.com/servers
– THELIO MIRA CONFIGURATOR: https://system76.com/desktops/thelio-mira
– POP!_OS: https://system76.com/pop
–
—
–
– THE BEST EUROPEAN LINUX-FIRST ALTERNATIVES TO SYSTEM76:
–
– If you are in Europe and are looking for computers designed specifically for Linux, there are several excellent European alternatives. Some companies design their machines around Linux from the beginning, while others assemble and configure Linux-compatible systems in Europe.
–
– TUXEDO COMPUTERS (GERMANY):
– https://www.tuxedocomputers.com
–
– TUXEDO Computers is one of Europe’s leading Linux-first computer specialists. It offers configurable laptops and desktops assembled in Germany, with its own TUXEDO OS as well as support for other Linux distributions. Its well-known product families include InfinityBook and Pulse.
–
– TUXEDO offers a standard two-year pick-up-and-return warranty on its computers, with optional extensions up to five years. Therefore, it would be inaccurate to say that every TUXEDO computer automatically includes a five-year warranty.
–
– SLIMBOOK (SPAIN):
– https://slimbook.com
– Original address also redirects to the current website: https://slimbook.es
–
– Slimbook is a Spanish company created specifically around the GNU/Linux hardware ecosystem. Its computers are designed for Linux while remaining compatible with Windows. Slimbook offers laptops, desktops, mini PCs and workstations, and assembles its systems in Spain.
–
– STAR LABS (UNITED KINGDOM):
– https://starlabs.systems
–
– Star Labs is a British Linux-first computer manufacturer. Its laptops and mini PCs are developed around native Linux support, serviceability and long-term firmware support. Several models offer open-source, coreboot-based firmware options.
–
– Its current families include systems such as the StarBook and StarFighter.
–
– JUNO COMPUTERS (UNITED KINGDOM / UNITED STATES):
– https://junocomputers.com
–
– Juno Computers Ltd is based in London, United Kingdom, and also operates a United States subsidiary. It sells laptops, desktops and tablets with Linux, particularly Ubuntu, preinstalled.
–
– ENTOWARE (UNITED KINGDOM):
– https://entoware.com
–
– Entoware is a UK Linux computer specialist offering Ubuntu-powered laptops, desktops, workstations and servers.
–
– NOVACUSTOM (NETHERLANDS):
– https://novacustom.com
–
– NovaCustom is a Dutch computer company based in Haaksbergen, the Netherlands. It specializes in customizable laptops and mini PCs with a strong focus on privacy, security, durability and Linux.
–
– Selected NovaCustom systems are available with Dasharo/coreboot open-source firmware, making NovaCustom particularly interesting for developers, security-conscious users and advanced Linux users.
–
– LAPTOPWITHLINUX.COM / COMEXR B.V. (NETHERLANDS):
– https://laptopwithlinux.com
–
– LaptopWithLinux.com is operated by Comexr B.V. in Hengelo, the Netherlands. It specializes in Linux laptops and mini PCs and offers numerous Linux distributions preinstalled, or computers without an operating system.
–
– Its systems are assembled in the Netherlands and are designed to be upgradeable and repairable.
–
—
–
– OTHER EUROPEAN LINUX AND FREEDOM-ORIENTED OPTIONS:
–
– TECHNOETHICAL (ROMANIA):
– https://tehnoetic.com
–
– Technoethical is based in Romania and specializes in hardware intended to work with operating systems that fully respect software freedom. Its catalogue includes refurbished and customized ThinkPads with GNU Boot or other free-firmware solutions and fully free GNU/Linux distributions such as Trisquel.
–
– The domain remains “tehnoetic.com”, but the current brand name displayed by the company is “Technoethical”.
–
—
–
– OTHER EUROPEAN COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS AND HARDWARE VENDORS TO EXPLORE:
–
– The following companies are useful additional European hardware options. However, they should not all be described as Linux-first manufacturers. Linux availability and compatibility can vary by model, configuration and generation.
–
– SCHENKER TECHNOLOGIES (GERMANY):
– Current official website: https://www.schenker-tech.de
–
– Schenker Technologies is based in Leipzig, Germany, and produces configurable professional laptops, desktops and workstations. SCHENKER and XMG are brands of Schenker Technologies. Linux compatibility should be checked for the specific model and configuration.
–
– XMG (GERMANY):
– https://www.xmg.gg
–
– XMG is a Schenker Technologies brand focused primarily on high-performance gaming, creative and power-user computers. It shares part of its hardware ecosystem with SCHENKER and TUXEDO, but XMG itself should not be presented as a dedicated Linux-first manufacturer.
–
– HYPERBOOK (POLAND):
– https://hyperbook.pl
–
– Hyperbook is a Polish manufacturer specializing in highly configurable laptops for gamers and professional users. Linux compatibility should be checked on a model-by-model basis.
–
– DREAM MACHINES (POLAND):
– https://dreammachines.pl
–
– Dream Machines offers configurable high-performance laptops and computers. The company also publishes Linux installation information, but its range should not be presented as exclusively Linux-first.
–
– INSYS (PORTUGAL):
– https://insys.pt
–
– INSYS is a Portuguese computer manufacturer with a long history of producing personal computers and specialized systems. Some INSYS products are offered with Linux, particularly specialized and industrial systems, but the entire product range is not Linux-first.
–
– WORTMANN AG / TERRA (GERMANY):
– https://www.wortmann.de
–
– WORTMANN AG is a German IT manufacturer behind the TERRA brand. It offers desktops, laptops, workstations, servers and specialized systems. Its mainstream catalogue is not Linux-first, so Linux compatibility should be verified for the individual system.
–
– KUBB (FRANCE / UNITED KINGDOM):
– Current website: https://kubb.eu
–
– Kubb is a computer brand associated with the French company Bleu Jour and French design know-how. Its current website is operated under licence by UK-based Habilis Numericus Ltd and lists an operational address in Toulouse, France.
–
– Kubb offers distinctive compact PCs and mini PCs. Linux availability should be checked for each current configuration rather than assuming that every Kubb model is supplied with Linux.
–
– FUTURENUC (GERMANY):
– Current official website: https://www.future-nuc.com
–
– FutureNUC is operated by Future PC GmbH in Munich, Germany. It offers compact mini PCs and NUC-style systems. Its current catalogue is not specifically Linux-first, so operating-system compatibility should be checked for each configuration.
–
—
–
– OTHER IMPORTANT AMERICAN LINUX ALTERNATIVE:
–
– PURISM (UNITED STATES):
– https://puri.sm
–
– Purism is another American technology company focused on privacy, security, user freedom and Linux-based hardware. Its Librem computers and PureOS ecosystem make it an important alternative for users who prioritize privacy and software freedom.
–
—
–
– COMPLETE USEFUL LINKS:
–
– SYSTEM76:
– Main website: https://system76.com
– Laptops: https://system76.com/laptops
– Desktops: https://system76.com/desktops
– Workstations: https://system76.com/workstations
– Servers: https://system76.com/servers
– Thelio Mira configurator: https://system76.com/desktops/thelio-mira
– Pop!_OS: https://system76.com/pop
–
– EUROPEAN LINUX-FIRST AND LINUX-ORIENTED COMPANIES:
– TUXEDO Computers: https://www.tuxedocomputers.com
– Slimbook: https://slimbook.com
– Slimbook original address: https://slimbook.es
– Star Labs: https://starlabs.systems
– Juno Computers: https://junocomputers.com
– Entoware: https://entoware.com
– NovaCustom: https://novacustom.com
– LaptopWithLinux.com: https://laptopwithlinux.com
– Technoethical: https://tehnoetic.com
–
– OTHER EUROPEAN HARDWARE OPTIONS:
– Schenker Technologies: https://www.schenker-tech.de
– XMG: https://www.xmg.gg
– Hyperbook: https://hyperbook.pl
– Dream Machines: https://dreammachines.pl
– INSYS: https://insys.pt
– WORTMANN AG / TERRA: https://www.wortmann.de
– Kubb: https://kubb.eu
– FutureNUC: https://www.future-nuc.com
–
– OTHER AMERICAN LINUX ALTERNATIVE:
– Purism: https://puri.sm
–
– Join the Linux movement – freedom starts with your hardware!
–
—
–
—
–
‼️ FOUR TRANSLATORS WEBSITES & A SPELL CHECKER & GRAMMAR CHECKER & STYLE CHECKER
‼️ ЧЕТЫРЕ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА И СРЕДСТВО ПРОВЕРКИ ОРФОГРАФИИ И ГРАММАТИКИ И СТИЛЯ
‼️‼️ HERE ЗДЕСЬ:
https://pastebin.com/9tyEQAk0
–
‼️ You can also use Artificial Intelligence (AI) to translate texts into any language:
‼️ Вы также можете использовать искусственный интеллект (ИИ) для перевода текстов на все языки:
–
‼️ THE BEST ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE “AI” WEBSITES & THE BEST AI WEBSITES FOR CREATING IMAGES
‼️ ЛУЧШИЕ САЙТЫ С ИСКУССТВЕННЫМ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТОМ И ЛУЧШИЕ САЙТЫ С ИСКУССТВЕННЫМ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТОМ ДЛЯ СОЗДАНИЯ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ:
‼️‼️ HERE ЗДЕСЬ:
https://pastebin.com/VzNbyKEL
–
– Seeing what angels are doing on planet Earth, we see that we have reached the End Times…
– Please read the Bible regarding the End Times…
– The End Times are drawing closer and closer…
–
–
‼️‼️ BIBLE: Isaiah 24:19 There will be earthquakes, and the earth will split open…
‼️ LINKS TO MONITOR THE NATURAL DISASTERS AND THE NATURAL PHENOMENA RARE AND UNUSUAL
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/pFHe4smi
–
‼️ VERY IMPORTANT: IMPORTANT YOUTUBE CHANNELS ABOUT THE JEWISH RELIGION AND ABOUT THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/H16QgGz4
–
‼️ I CREATE DOCUMENTS TO INFORM, IT’S TOTALLY FREE, I DON’T WANT GIFTS
‼️ I WANT TO REMAIN INDEPENDENT, I WANT TO RENDER SERVICE FOR FREE IN COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE
–
‼️ WE MUST SUPPORT GAME DEVELOPERS, BUY THE GAMES
–
‼️ THE ACT OF PURCHASE IS ALWAYS AN ACT OF SUPPORT, YOU SHOULD NEVER ASK FOR A REFUND
– WE SUPPORT ARTISTS WITH OUR MONEY, BECAUSE WE LOVE THEM
–
‼️‼️ LeGamerInfini DOCUMENTS HERE:
https://pastebin.com/u/LeGamerInfini
–
‼️‼️ LINKS TO FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIAS:
‼️‼️ FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIAS:
‼️‼️ https://linktr.ee/frederic_descamps
https://www.facebook.com/fred.infini.3
https://vk.com/vrai_antichrist
https://x.com/Vrai_Antichrist
https://real-antichrist.com
https://www.instagram.com/antichristlucifer
My address:
Frederic Descamps
Rue Vlogaert 22 bt 20
bt 20, Sonnette Demaret-Descamps, 4eme etage.
1060 Saint-Gilles (Brussels)
Belgique (Belgium)
‼️‼️ Look at where I live with Google Maps:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Rue+Vlogaert+22,+1060+Saint-Gilles/@50.8325541,4.338001,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x47c3c468d5f87331:0xfc496492fb8fd9d!8m2!3d50.8325541!4d4.3405813!16s%2Fg%2F11snp_hdv_
–
‼️‼️ THIS SONG IS AWESOME ‼️‼️ VALKEAT – My Crown
https://youtu.be/lcm9PTnYu-Q
‼️‼️ GREAT BAND, THIS BAND MUST BE SUPPORTED. SUPPORT THE ARTISTS, BUY THE MUSIC
–
‼️ GREAT FREE SOFTWARES TO LISTEN TO YOUR MUSIC AND TO CREATE YOUR MUSIC
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/auMDG9eC
–
‼️‼️ THE SANDALS OF THE ANTICHRIST: adidas Adilette Aqua Tongues Mixte
https://www.amazon.com.be/gp/product/B07K2TX49T/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00
–
‼️‼️ T-Shirt OF THE ANTICHRIST: Arch Enemy (Deceiver Snake)
https://www.large.be/fr/p/deceiver-snake/556355L.html
—
–
‼️ #EndTimes ‼️
–
#Coldwave #Darkwave #DarkTechno #DarkDance #CatRave #Gothic #GothicRock #GothMusic #GothDJ
–
#SATAN #LUCIFER #DEVIL #DIABLE #SATANISM #SATANISME #HailSatan #SATANIC #FallenAngel #METAL #666FD #APOCALYPSE #BAPHOMET
–
#AFP #Journalist #CNN #LCI #Diplomacy
–
#Bible #Religion #BibleStudy #Theology #Scripture #Prophecy #Christianity #Christian #Islam #Chrétien
–
#IndieDev #IndiegameDev #GameDev #SoloDev
–
#infoviva #LN24
–
#TheSatanicTemple #SatanicTemple #ChurchOfSatan #666😈 #666
–
—
–

2026 08 18: Linux-Optimized Computers with Linux Preinstalled: System76 and Its European Alternatives

———————————
———————————

‼️‼️ https://pastebin.com/u/LeGamerInfini
‼️‼️ LAST UPDATE 2026 08 18
‼️‼️ THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
———————————
———————————
–
‼️ Linux-Optimized Computers with Linux Preinstalled: System76 and Its European Alternatives ‼️THX‼️
–
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– SUBTITLE
–
– Discover System76, the American Linux-first manufacturer based in Denver (Colorado) that sells laptops, desktops, workstations and servers with its own Pop!_OS or Ubuntu, and explore the best European Linux-first alternatives — TUXEDO Computers (Germany), Slimbook (Spain), Star Labs (United Kingdom), Juno Computers (United Kingdom/United States), Entoware (United Kingdom), NovaCustom (Netherlands) and LaptopWithLinux.com / Comexr B.V. (Netherlands) — plus the freedom-oriented vendor Technoethical (Romania), additional European hardware options (Schenker Technologies, XMG, Hyperbook, Dream Machines, INSYS, WORTMANN AG/TERRA, Kubb, FutureNUC), the other American alternative Purism, and the complete list of official links.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– IN ENGLISH:
–
—
–
– INTRODUCTION
–
– This bilingual reference document (English and French), presents System76, the American computer manufacturer fully dedicated to Linux — with its open-source Pop!_OS distribution, its Thelio desktops assembled in Denver and its upgradeable laptops — and then lists the best European Linux-first alternatives as well as other Linux-compatible hardware vendors, each with its official website and an accurate description of its offer. The document clarifies which companies are truly Linux-first, which ones only offer Linux on certain models, and which firmware options (coreboot, Dasharo, GNU Boot) exist, with the goal of helping users choose high-performance, open-source-oriented, privacy-respecting, repairable and user-controlled hardware — because freedom starts with your hardware.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
—
–
‼️ Linux-Optimized Computers with Linux Preinstalled: System76 and Its European Alternatives:
–
—
–
– System76 and Its European Alternatives:
–
– Discover System76, the American Linux-first computer manufacturer, and explore the best European alternatives for high-performance, open-source-oriented, privacy-respecting and user-controlled computing.
–
– LAST VERIFICATION: 2026 08 17.
–
—
–
– English version
–
– SYSTEM76 (UNITED STATES) – LINUX COMPUTER MANUFACTURER:
–
– System76 is an American computer manufacturer based in Denver, Colorado. The company offers laptops, desktops, workstations and servers designed for Linux users, with Pop!_OS or Ubuntu available on its computers.
–
– Pop!_OS is System76’s own Linux operating system. It is developed in-house by System76, is free to download, and is closely integrated with the company’s hardware. It must not be described as a proprietary distribution.
–
– System76 is strongly committed to open-source software, open firmware, user control, privacy and repairability. Its Thelio desktops are designed, engineered, manufactured and assembled at the company’s factory in Denver, Colorado. Its laptops and portable workstations are optimized for Linux, and many models are designed so that components such as RAM and storage can be upgraded or replaced.
–
– The name “System76” contains the number 76, making it particularly easy to recognize among Linux-oriented computer brands.
–
– OFFICIAL SYSTEM76 LINKS:
–
– MAIN WEBSITE: https://system76.com
– LAPTOPS: https://system76.com/laptops
– DESKTOPS: https://system76.com/desktops
– WORKSTATIONS: https://system76.com/workstations
– SERVERS: https://system76.com/servers
– THELIO MIRA CONFIGURATOR: https://system76.com/desktops/thelio-mira
– POP!_OS: https://system76.com/pop
–
—
–
– THE BEST EUROPEAN LINUX-FIRST ALTERNATIVES TO SYSTEM76:
–
– If you are in Europe and are looking for computers designed specifically for Linux, there are several excellent European alternatives. Some companies design their machines around Linux from the beginning, while others assemble and configure Linux-compatible systems in Europe.
–
– TUXEDO COMPUTERS (GERMANY):
– https://www.tuxedocomputers.com
–
– TUXEDO Computers is one of Europe’s leading Linux-first computer specialists. It offers configurable laptops and desktops assembled in Germany, with its own TUXEDO OS as well as support for other Linux distributions. Its well-known product families include InfinityBook and Pulse.
–
– TUXEDO offers a standard two-year pick-up-and-return warranty on its computers, with optional extensions up to five years. Therefore, it would be inaccurate to say that every TUXEDO computer automatically includes a five-year warranty.
–
– SLIMBOOK (SPAIN):
– https://slimbook.com
– Original address also redirects to the current website: https://slimbook.es
–
– Slimbook is a Spanish company created specifically around the GNU/Linux hardware ecosystem. Its computers are designed for Linux while remaining compatible with Windows. Slimbook offers laptops, desktops, mini PCs and workstations, and assembles its systems in Spain.
–
– STAR LABS (UNITED KINGDOM):
– https://starlabs.systems
–
– Star Labs is a British Linux-first computer manufacturer. Its laptops and mini PCs are developed around native Linux support, serviceability and long-term firmware support. Several models offer open-source, coreboot-based firmware options.
–
– Its current families include systems such as the StarBook and StarFighter.
–
– JUNO COMPUTERS (UNITED KINGDOM / UNITED STATES):
– https://junocomputers.com
–
– Juno Computers Ltd is based in London, United Kingdom, and also operates a United States subsidiary. It sells laptops, desktops and tablets with Linux, particularly Ubuntu, preinstalled.
–
– ENTOWARE (UNITED KINGDOM):
– https://entoware.com
–
– Entoware is a UK Linux computer specialist offering Ubuntu-powered laptops, desktops, workstations and servers.
–
– NOVACUSTOM (NETHERLANDS):
– https://novacustom.com
–
– NovaCustom is a Dutch computer company based in Haaksbergen, the Netherlands. It specializes in customizable laptops and mini PCs with a strong focus on privacy, security, durability and Linux.
–
– Selected NovaCustom systems are available with Dasharo/coreboot open-source firmware, making NovaCustom particularly interesting for developers, security-conscious users and advanced Linux users.
–
– LAPTOPWITHLINUX.COM / COMEXR B.V. (NETHERLANDS):
– https://laptopwithlinux.com
–
– LaptopWithLinux.com is operated by Comexr B.V. in Hengelo, the Netherlands. It specializes in Linux laptops and mini PCs and offers numerous Linux distributions preinstalled, or computers without an operating system.
–
– Its systems are assembled in the Netherlands and are designed to be upgradeable and repairable.
–
—
–
– OTHER EUROPEAN LINUX AND FREEDOM-ORIENTED OPTIONS:
–
– TECHNOETHICAL (ROMANIA):
– https://tehnoetic.com
–
– Technoethical is based in Romania and specializes in hardware intended to work with operating systems that fully respect software freedom. Its catalogue includes refurbished and customized ThinkPads with GNU Boot or other free-firmware solutions and fully free GNU/Linux distributions such as Trisquel.
–
– The domain remains “tehnoetic.com”, but the current brand name displayed by the company is “Technoethical”.
–
—
–
– OTHER EUROPEAN COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS AND HARDWARE VENDORS TO EXPLORE:
–
– The following companies are useful additional European hardware options. However, they should not all be described as Linux-first manufacturers. Linux availability and compatibility can vary by model, configuration and generation.
–
– SCHENKER TECHNOLOGIES (GERMANY):
– Current official website: https://www.schenker-tech.de
–
– Schenker Technologies is based in Leipzig, Germany, and produces configurable professional laptops, desktops and workstations. SCHENKER and XMG are brands of Schenker Technologies. Linux compatibility should be checked for the specific model and configuration.
–
– XMG (GERMANY):
– https://www.xmg.gg
–
– XMG is a Schenker Technologies brand focused primarily on high-performance gaming, creative and power-user computers. It shares part of its hardware ecosystem with SCHENKER and TUXEDO, but XMG itself should not be presented as a dedicated Linux-first manufacturer.
–
– HYPERBOOK (POLAND):
– https://hyperbook.pl
–
– Hyperbook is a Polish manufacturer specializing in highly configurable laptops for gamers and professional users. Linux compatibility should be checked on a model-by-model basis.
–
– DREAM MACHINES (POLAND):
– https://dreammachines.pl
–
– Dream Machines offers configurable high-performance laptops and computers. The company also publishes Linux installation information, but its range should not be presented as exclusively Linux-first.
–
– INSYS (PORTUGAL):
– https://insys.pt
–
– INSYS is a Portuguese computer manufacturer with a long history of producing personal computers and specialized systems. Some INSYS products are offered with Linux, particularly specialized and industrial systems, but the entire product range is not Linux-first.
–
– WORTMANN AG / TERRA (GERMANY):
– https://www.wortmann.de
–
– WORTMANN AG is a German IT manufacturer behind the TERRA brand. It offers desktops, laptops, workstations, servers and specialized systems. Its mainstream catalogue is not Linux-first, so Linux compatibility should be verified for the individual system.
–
– KUBB (FRANCE / UNITED KINGDOM):
– Current website: https://kubb.eu
–
– Kubb is a computer brand associated with the French company Bleu Jour and French design know-how. Its current website is operated under licence by UK-based Habilis Numericus Ltd and lists an operational address in Toulouse, France.
–
– Kubb offers distinctive compact PCs and mini PCs. Linux availability should be checked for each current configuration rather than assuming that every Kubb model is supplied with Linux.
–
– FUTURENUC (GERMANY):
– Current official website: https://www.future-nuc.com
–
– FutureNUC is operated by Future PC GmbH in Munich, Germany. It offers compact mini PCs and NUC-style systems. Its current catalogue is not specifically Linux-first, so operating-system compatibility should be checked for each configuration.
–
—
–
– OTHER IMPORTANT AMERICAN LINUX ALTERNATIVE:
–
– PURISM (UNITED STATES):
– https://puri.sm
–
– Purism is another American technology company focused on privacy, security, user freedom and Linux-based hardware. Its Librem computers and PureOS ecosystem make it an important alternative for users who prioritize privacy and software freedom.
–
—
–
– COMPLETE USEFUL LINKS:
–
– SYSTEM76:
– Main website: https://system76.com
– Laptops: https://system76.com/laptops
– Desktops: https://system76.com/desktops
– Workstations: https://system76.com/workstations
– Servers: https://system76.com/servers
– Thelio Mira configurator: https://system76.com/desktops/thelio-mira
– Pop!_OS: https://system76.com/pop
–
– EUROPEAN LINUX-FIRST AND LINUX-ORIENTED COMPANIES:
– TUXEDO Computers: https://www.tuxedocomputers.com
– Slimbook: https://slimbook.com
– Slimbook original address: https://slimbook.es
– Star Labs: https://starlabs.systems
– Juno Computers: https://junocomputers.com
– Entoware: https://entoware.com
– NovaCustom: https://novacustom.com
– LaptopWithLinux.com: https://laptopwithlinux.com
– Technoethical: https://tehnoetic.com
–
– OTHER EUROPEAN HARDWARE OPTIONS:
– Schenker Technologies: https://www.schenker-tech.de
– XMG: https://www.xmg.gg
– Hyperbook: https://hyperbook.pl
– Dream Machines: https://dreammachines.pl
– INSYS: https://insys.pt
– WORTMANN AG / TERRA: https://www.wortmann.de
– Kubb: https://kubb.eu
– FutureNUC: https://www.future-nuc.com
–
– OTHER AMERICAN LINUX ALTERNATIVE:
– Purism: https://puri.sm
–
– Join the Linux movement – freedom starts with your hardware!
–
—
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– IN FRENCH:
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
‼️ Ordinateurs optimisés pour Linux avec Linux préinstallé: System76 et ses Alternatives Européennes ‼️MERCI‼️
–
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– SOUS-TITRE
–
– Découvrez System76, le constructeur américain Linux-first basé à Denver (Colorado), qui vend des laptops, desktops, workstations et serveurs avec son propre Pop!_OS ou Ubuntu, et explorez les meilleures alternatives européennes Linux-first — TUXEDO Computers (Allemagne), Slimbook (Espagne), Star Labs (Royaume-Uni), Juno Computers (Royaume-Uni/États-Unis), Entoware (Royaume-Uni), NovaCustom (Pays-Bas) et LaptopWithLinux.com / Comexr B.V. (Pays-Bas) — ainsi que le vendeur orienté liberté logicielle Technoethical (Roumanie), les options matérielles européennes supplémentaires (Schenker Technologies, XMG, Hyperbook, Dream Machines, INSYS, WORTMANN AG/TERRA, Kubb, FutureNUC), l’autre alternative américaine Purism, et la liste complète des liens officiels.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– INTRODUCTION
–
– Ce document de référence bilingue (anglais et français) présente System76, le constructeur informatique américain entièrement dédié à Linux — avec sa distribution open-source Pop!_OS, ses desktops Thelio assemblés à Denver et ses laptops évolutifs — puis recense les meilleures alternatives européennes Linux-first ainsi que d’autres vendeurs de matériel compatibles Linux, chacun avec son site officiel et une description précise de son offre. Le document clarifie quelles entreprises sont réellement Linux-first, lesquelles ne proposent Linux que sur certains modèles, et quelles options de micrologiciel (coreboot, Dasharo, GNU Boot) existent, dans le but d’aider les utilisateurs à choisir un matériel performant, orienté open-source, respectueux de la vie privée, réparable et contrôlé par l’utilisateur — car la liberté commence par votre matériel.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
—
–
‼️ Ordinateurs optimisés pour Linux avec Linux préinstallé: System76 et ses Alternatives Européennes :
–
—
–
– System76 et ses alternatives européennes :
–
– Découvrez System76, le constructeur américain spécialisé dans les ordinateurs Linux, ainsi que les meilleures alternatives européennes pour disposer d’un matériel performant, orienté open source, respectueux de la vie privée et laissant davantage de contrôle à l’utilisateur.
–
– DERNIÈRE VÉRIFICATION : 2026 08 17.
–
—
–
– SYSTEM76 (ÉTATS-UNIS) – CONSTRUCTEUR D’ORDINATEURS LINUX :
–
– System76 est un constructeur américain d’ordinateurs basé à Denver, dans le Colorado. L’entreprise propose des laptops, des desktops, des workstations et des serveurs destinés aux utilisateurs de Linux, avec notamment Pop!_OS ou Ubuntu disponibles sur ses ordinateurs.
–
– Pop!_OS est le propre système d’exploitation Linux de System76. Il est développé en interne par System76, peut être téléchargé gratuitement et est étroitement intégré au matériel de l’entreprise. Il ne faut donc pas le qualifier de “distribution propriétaire”.
–
– System76 est fortement engagé en faveur de l’open source, des micrologiciels ouverts, du contrôle de l’utilisateur, de la confidentialité et de la réparabilité. Ses desktops Thelio sont conçus, développés, fabriqués et assemblés dans l’usine de l’entreprise à Denver, dans le Colorado. Ses laptops et workstations portables sont optimisés pour Linux, et de nombreux modèles permettent de remplacer ou d’améliorer des composants comme la RAM et le stockage.
–
– Le nom “System76” contient bien le nombre 76, ce qui rend cette marque particulièrement facile à reconnaître parmi les constructeurs orientés Linux.
–
– LIENS OFFICIELS SYSTEM76 :
–
– SITE PRINCIPAL : https://system76.com
– LAPTOPS : https://system76.com/laptops
– DESKTOPS : https://system76.com/desktops
– WORKSTATIONS : https://system76.com/workstations
– SERVEURS : https://system76.com/servers
– CONFIGURATEUR THELIO MIRA : https://system76.com/desktops/thelio-mira
– POP!_OS : https://system76.com/pop
–
—
–
– LES MEILLEURES ALTERNATIVES EUROPÉENNES LINUX-FIRST À SYSTEM76 :
–
– Si vous êtes en Europe et recherchez des ordinateurs spécialement conçus pour Linux, plusieurs excellentes alternatives européennes existent. Certaines entreprises conçoivent leurs machines autour de Linux dès le départ, tandis que d’autres assemblent et configurent en Europe des systèmes spécifiquement compatibles avec Linux.
–
– TUXEDO COMPUTERS (ALLEMAGNE) :
– https://www.tuxedocomputers.com
–
– TUXEDO Computers est l’un des principaux spécialistes européens des ordinateurs Linux-first. L’entreprise propose des laptops et des desktops configurables assemblés en Allemagne, avec notamment son propre TUXEDO OS ainsi que la prise en charge d’autres distributions Linux. InfinityBook et Pulse font partie de ses familles de produits les plus connues.
–
– TUXEDO fournit une garantie standard de deux ans avec service de retour et propose en option des extensions pouvant aller jusqu’à cinq ans. Il serait donc incorrect d’affirmer que tous les ordinateurs TUXEDO disposent automatiquement d’une garantie de cinq ans.
–
– SLIMBOOK (ESPAGNE) :
– https://slimbook.com
– L’adresse d’origine redirige également vers le site actuel : https://slimbook.es
–
– Slimbook est une entreprise espagnole créée spécifiquement autour de l’écosystème matériel GNU/Linux. Ses ordinateurs sont conçus pour Linux tout en restant compatibles avec Windows. Slimbook propose des laptops, des desktops, des mini-PC et des workstations, et assemble ses systèmes en Espagne.
–
– STAR LABS (ROYAUME-UNI) :
– https://starlabs.systems
–
– Star Labs est un constructeur britannique d’ordinateurs Linux-first. Ses laptops et mini-PC sont développés autour d’une prise en charge native de Linux, de la réparabilité et d’un suivi à long terme des micrologiciels. Plusieurs modèles proposent des options de micrologiciels ouverts basées sur coreboot.
–
– Ses gammes actuelles comprennent notamment des systèmes comme le StarBook et le StarFighter.
–
– JUNO COMPUTERS (ROYAUME-UNI / ÉTATS-UNIS) :
– https://junocomputers.com
–
– Juno Computers Ltd est basé à Londres, au Royaume-Uni, et possède également une filiale aux États-Unis. L’entreprise commercialise des laptops, des desktops et des tablettes avec Linux, notamment Ubuntu, préinstallé.
–
– ENTOWARE (ROYAUME-UNI) :
– https://entoware.com
–
– Entoware est un spécialiste britannique des ordinateurs Linux proposant des laptops, desktops, workstations et serveurs fonctionnant avec Ubuntu.
–
– NOVACUSTOM (PAYS-BAS) :
– https://novacustom.com
–
– NovaCustom est une entreprise informatique néerlandaise basée à Haaksbergen, aux Pays-Bas. Elle est spécialisée dans les laptops et mini-PC personnalisables, avec une forte orientation vers la confidentialité, la sécurité, la durabilité et Linux.
–
– Certains systèmes NovaCustom peuvent être équipés du micrologiciel open source Dasharo/coreboot, ce qui les rend particulièrement intéressants pour les développeurs, les utilisateurs soucieux de leur sécurité et les utilisateurs avancés de Linux.
–
– LAPTOPWITHLINUX.COM / COMEXR B.V. (PAYS-BAS) :
– https://laptopwithlinux.com
–
– LaptopWithLinux.com est exploité par Comexr B.V. à Hengelo, aux Pays-Bas. L’entreprise est spécialisée dans les laptops et mini-PC Linux et propose de nombreuses distributions Linux préinstallées, ainsi que des ordinateurs sans système d’exploitation.
–
– Ses systèmes sont assemblés aux Pays-Bas et sont conçus pour pouvoir être améliorés et réparés.
–
—
–
– AUTRES OPTIONS EUROPÉENNES ORIENTÉES LINUX ET LIBERTÉ LOGICIELLE :
–
– TECHNOETHICAL (ROUMANIE) :
– https://tehnoetic.com
–
– Technoethical est basé en Roumanie et se spécialise dans le matériel destiné à fonctionner avec des systèmes d’exploitation respectant entièrement les libertés logicielles. Son catalogue comprend notamment des ThinkPads reconditionnés et personnalisés avec GNU Boot ou d’autres solutions de micrologiciel libre ainsi que des distributions GNU/Linux entièrement libres comme Trisquel.
–
– Le domaine reste “tehnoetic.com”, mais le nom de marque actuellement affiché par l’entreprise est “Technoethical”.
–
—
–
– AUTRES CONSTRUCTEURS ET VENDEURS EUROPÉENS DE MATÉRIEL À EXPLORER :
–
– Les entreprises suivantes constituent d’autres options européennes intéressantes. Elles ne doivent cependant pas toutes être présentées comme des constructeurs Linux-first. La disponibilité et la compatibilité de Linux peuvent varier selon le modèle, la configuration et la génération.
–
– SCHENKER TECHNOLOGIES (ALLEMAGNE) :
– Site officiel actuel : https://www.schenker-tech.de
– Schenker Technologies est basé à Leipzig, en Allemagne, et produit des laptops, desktops et workstations professionnels configurables. SCHENKER et XMG sont des marques de Schenker Technologies. La compatibilité Linux doit être vérifiée pour chaque modèle et chaque configuration.
–
– XMG (ALLEMAGNE) :
– https://www.xmg.gg
–
– XMG est une marque de Schenker Technologies principalement orientée vers les ordinateurs hautes performances destinés au gaming, aux créateurs et aux utilisateurs avancés. Elle partage une partie de son écosystème matériel avec SCHENKER et TUXEDO, mais XMG ne doit pas être présenté comme un constructeur exclusivement Linux-first.
–
– HYPERBOOK (POLOGNE) :
– https://hyperbook.pl
–
– Hyperbook est un constructeur polonais spécialisé dans les laptops hautement configurables destinés aux joueurs et aux professionnels. La compatibilité Linux doit être vérifiée modèle par modèle.
–
– DREAM MACHINES (POLOGNE) :
– https://dreammachines.pl
–
– Dream Machines propose des laptops et ordinateurs hautes performances configurables. L’entreprise publie également des informations concernant l’installation de Linux, mais sa gamme ne doit pas être présentée comme exclusivement Linux-first.
–
– INSYS (PORTUGAL) :
– https://insys.pt
–
– INSYS est un constructeur informatique portugais possédant une longue expérience dans la production d’ordinateurs personnels et de systèmes spécialisés. Certains produits INSYS sont proposés avec Linux, notamment des systèmes spécialisés et industriels, mais l’ensemble de sa gamme n’est pas Linux-first.
–
– WORTMANN AG / TERRA (ALLEMAGNE) :
– https://www.wortmann.de
–
– WORTMANN AG est un constructeur informatique allemand à l’origine de la marque TERRA. Il propose des desktops, laptops, workstations, serveurs et systèmes spécialisés. Son catalogue grand public n’est pas spécifiquement Linux-first ; la compatibilité Linux doit donc être vérifiée pour chaque système.
–
– KUBB (FRANCE / ROYAUME-UNI) :
– Site actuel : https://kubb.eu
–
– Kubb est une marque informatique associée à l’entreprise française Bleu Jour et au savoir-faire français en matière de design. Son site actuel est exploité sous licence par la société britannique Habilis Numericus Ltd et indique également une adresse opérationnelle à Toulouse, en France.
–
– Kubb propose notamment des PC compacts et mini-PC au design distinctif. La disponibilité de Linux doit être vérifiée pour chaque configuration actuelle plutôt que de considérer que tous les modèles Kubb sont vendus avec Linux.
–
– FUTURENUC (ALLEMAGNE) :
– Site officiel actuel : https://www.future-nuc.com
–
– FutureNUC est exploité par Future PC GmbH à Munich, en Allemagne. L’entreprise propose des mini-PC compacts et des systèmes de type NUC. Son catalogue actuel n’est pas spécifiquement Linux-first ; la compatibilité du système d’exploitation doit donc être vérifiée pour chaque configuration.
–
—
–
– AUTRE ALTERNATIVE LINUX AMÉRICAINE IMPORTANTE :
–
– PURISM (ÉTATS-UNIS) :
– https://puri.sm
–
– Purism est une autre entreprise technologique américaine fortement orientée vers la confidentialité, la sécurité, la liberté des utilisateurs et le matériel fonctionnant avec Linux. Ses ordinateurs Librem et son écosystème PureOS constituent une alternative importante pour les utilisateurs donnant la priorité à la confidentialité et à la liberté logicielle.
–
—
–
– LISTE COMPLÈTE DES LIENS UTILES :
–
– SYSTEM76 :
– Site principal : https://system76.com
– Laptops : https://system76.com/laptops
– Desktops : https://system76.com/desktops
– Workstations : https://system76.com/workstations
– Serveurs : https://system76.com/servers
– Configurateur Thelio Mira : https://system76.com/desktops/thelio-mira
– Pop!_OS : https://system76.com/pop
–
– ENTREPRISES EUROPÉENNES LINUX-FIRST ET ORIENTÉES LINUX :
– TUXEDO Computers : https://www.tuxedocomputers.com
– Slimbook : https://slimbook.com
– Adresse Slimbook d’origine : https://slimbook.es
– Star Labs : https://starlabs.systems
– Juno Computers : https://junocomputers.com
– Entoware : https://entoware.com
– NovaCustom : https://novacustom.com
– LaptopWithLinux.com : https://laptopwithlinux.com
– Technoethical : https://tehnoetic.com
–
– AUTRES OPTIONS MATÉRIELLES EUROPÉENNES :
– Schenker Technologies : https://www.schenker-tech.de
– XMG : https://www.xmg.gg
– Hyperbook : https://hyperbook.pl
– Dream Machines : https://dreammachines.pl
– INSYS : https://insys.pt
– WORTMANN AG / TERRA : https://www.wortmann.de
– Kubb : https://kubb.eu
– FutureNUC : https://www.future-nuc.com
–
– AUTRES ALTERNATIVES LINUX AMÉRICAINES :
– Purism : https://puri.sm
–
– Rejoignez le mouvement Linux – la liberté commence par votre matériel !
–
—
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
‼️‼️ THANK YOU VERY MUCH ‼️‼️
‼️‼️ MERCI BEAUCOUP ‼️‼️
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————

– KEYWORDS: Linux, System76, Pop!_OS, TUXEDO Computers, Slimbook, Star Labs, NovaCustom, Purism, Open-source hardware, Privacy

– MOTS-CLÉS : Linux, System76, Pop!_OS, TUXEDO Computers, Slimbook, Star Labs, NovaCustom, Purism, Matériel open-source, Vie privée

 

‼️ 2026 08 17 ‼️ ✌👑 ‼️ VERY IMPORTANT: GOD LOWERS AND RAISES, A NEW DOCUMENT, AN UPDATED DOCUMENT, AND MY WORK AS AN INFLUENCER, AND LINUX DISTROS RECOMMENDATION:
–
– PREAMBLE 1: God is the master of everything and God lowers and raises humans. So why did God raise up the Antichrist if God wants the Antichrist’s sacrifice?
–
– PREAMBLE 2: MY WORK AS AN INFLUENCER: In recent days I have worked a lot as an influencer and less as a prophet because it is opportune, and because I love my work as an influencer to serve humans. In addition to the creation of the document about the best OSes, I have also made progress in the creation of a new document, on which I have been working for several days and whose objective is to create a Linux installation guide for beginners. Logically, it was smart to create the document about the best Linux distributions (the best OSes) before the creation of the Linux installation guide for beginners, in order to be able to include the best Linux distributions in the Linux installation document for beginners… I must also continue the creation of several other documents that are in the process of being created and that are not finished…
–
– Subtitle of the new document: A Complete Guide to the Best Operating Systems for PCs, Linux Distros, Linux Gaming, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, Commodore 64, Retrocomputing and Emulation, Including Modern, Alternative, Historical and Specialized Systems
–
‼️‼️ NEW DOCUMENT: 2026 08 17: ‼️ THE BEST OSs: PC, Linux, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, C64, Retro & Emulation
‼️‼️ HERE:
– https://real-antichrist.com/2026/08/17/9073/
– https://pastebin.com/19Qfr533
–
‼️ DOCUMENT UPDATED: Creating Bootable USB Drives The Easy Way: Rufus And Safe Alternatives
‼️ HERE:
– https://real-antichrist.com/2026/08/10/9007/
– https://pastebin.com/cNkPLyx2
–
‼️‼️ LeGamerInfini DOCUMENTS HERE:
– https://pastebin.com/u/LeGamerInfini
–
—
–
– RECOMMENDATION: THREE LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS THAT RESEMBLE MICROSOFT WINDOWS:
–
– I recommend these three Linux distributions that resemble Microsoft Windows because they are the three best Linux distributions for beginner users who need a simple-to-use system like Microsoft Windows:
– 1] “Zorin OS” is the best Linux distribution for beginner users (I recommend choosing the free version because I had issues with the paid version).
– 2] “Linux Mint Cinnamon” is the second best Linux distribution for beginner users.
– 3] “Lubuntu” is the third best Linux distribution for beginner users because it is the lightest of the three.
– 3] “Lubuntu” is preferable for less powerful computers.
– 3] “Lubuntu” is slightly less feature-rich than “Linux Mint Cinnamon,” but it is a very good distribution that is almost as good as “Linux Mint Cinnamon.”
– 4] “Debian 13 Trixie” is the last best Linux distribution recommended (but not for beginners), because it is an extremely stable distribution.
– 4] “Debian 13 Trixie” is interesting because it allows you to encounter fewer problems due to its high stability.
–
– 1] Zorin OS:
– https://zorin.com/os/
– https://zorin.com/os/download/
–
– 2] Linux Mint Cinnamon:
– https://linuxmint.com/
– https://linuxmint.com/download.php
–
– 3] Lubuntu:
– https://lubuntu.me/
– https://lubuntu.me/downloads/
–
– 4] Debian 13 Trixie:
– https://www.debian.org/
– https://www.debian.org/download
– https://wiki.debian.org/Wine
– https://wiki.debian.org/fr/Wine
–
– For gaming, you can choose these distributions: “Nobara”, “GLF OS”, or “Pop!_OS”.
– However, it is necessary to have a recent and powerful computer for these three Linux distributions.
– Furthermore, these distributions are too complicated for beginner users.
–
– These two Linux distributions are also recommended for beginner users:
–
– [1] Solus (KDE Plasma)
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: Solus 4.9 Plasma Edition.
– Desktop environment: KDE Plasma 6.6.4.
– KDE components: KDE Frameworks 6.24.0 and KDE Gear 25.12.3.
– Platform / architecture: PC x86-64.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://getsol.us/
– Download / installation: https://getsol.us/download/
– Description: Independent rolling release Linux distribution. The official Plasma edition provides a carefully configured KDE Plasma desktop with coherent settings, and is an excellent choice for users looking for a modern and highly customizable KDE environment.
–
– [2] elementary OS
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 8.1.1 Circe.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 and ARM64 UEFI.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://elementary.io/
– Download / installation: https://elementary.io/
– Description: An elegant and beginner-friendly desktop Linux distribution, focused on simplicity, privacy, and visual consistency. elementary OS 8.1.1 was released on February 27, 2026, and includes the Ubuntu LTS Hardware Enablement stack with Linux 6.17.
–
—
–
‼️‼️ Very important: AELF (Episcopal Liturgical Association for French-speaking countries) (VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE PSALMS): Sign up for daily readings via email:
https://www.aelf.org/abonne/create
https://www.aelf.org/abonnement
https://www.aelf.org/
–
– KTO Catholic Television and Vatican:
https://www.youtube.com/@ktotv/videos
https://www.ktotv.com/
https://www.ktotv.com/guide/
https://www.ktoradio.com/
https://appli.ktotv.com/
https://linktr.ee/ktotv
https://www.facebook.com/kto.television
https://www.instagram.com/ktotelevision
https://x.com/KTOTV
https://bsky.app/profile/ktotv.bsky.social
https://www.threads.com/@ktotelevision
https://www.tiktok.com/@kto.television
https://www.linkedin.com/company/ktotelevision/
https://api.whatsapp.com/send?phone=002974409
https://t.me/ktotelevision
– NEWSLETTER: https://public.message-business.com/form/27510/3870/form.aspx
– DONATE: https://donner.ktotv.com/b/mon-don
https://www.youtube.com/@VaticanNewsEN/videos
https://www.youtube.com/@VaticanNews/videos
https://www.youtube.com/@VaticanNewsFR/videos
–
‼️ VERY IMPORTANT: Church ‘Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet’ [ VERY IMPORTANT YOUTUBE CHANNEL BECAUSE THE ANGELS OF THE HEAVENS AND THE HOLY ARCHANGELS OF THE HEAVENS ACT WITH THIS CHURCH ]:
https://www.youtube.com/@EgliseSaintNicolasduChardonnet/streams
–
‼️ VERY IMPORTANT: IMPORTANT YOUTUBE CHANNELS ABOUT THE JEWISH RELIGION AND ABOUT THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/H16QgGz4
–
‼️ FOUR TRANSLATORS WEBSITES & A SPELL CHECKER & GRAMMAR CHECKER & STYLE CHECKER
‼️ ЧЕТЫРЕ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА И СРЕДСТВО ПРОВЕРКИ ОРФОГРАФИИ И ГРАММАТИКИ И СТИЛЯ
‼️‼️ HERE ЗДЕСЬ:
https://pastebin.com/9tyEQAk0
–
‼️‼ VERY IMPORTANT DOCUMENT ABOUT THE DISASTERS AND THE NATURAL PHENOMENA RARE AND UNUSUAL OF THE END TIMES:
–
‼️‼️ BIBLE: Isaiah 24:19 There will be earthquakes, and the earth will split open…
‼️ LINKS TO MONITOR THE NATURAL DISASTERS AND THE NATURAL PHENOMENA RARE AND UNUSUAL
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/pFHe4smi
–
‼️‼ VERY IMPORTANT YOUTUBE CHANNEL IN ENGLISH ABOUT THE END TIMES, AND ABOUT THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION:
–
– According to Jimmy Evans, who is a Bible expert, we have reached the end of the end times, and here are some links to contact Jimmy Evans:
‼️‼️ JIMMY EVANS is a Christian man and a theologian (an expert in Biblical scripture) JimmyEvans :
https://endtimes.substack.com/
‼️‼️ VERY IMPORTANT ABOUT END TIMES: LINKS TO Jimmy Evans:
https://www.facebook.com/PsJimmyEvans
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61554264187337
https://www.instagram.com/psjimmyevans/
https://www.instagram.com/psjimmyevans01/
https://www.instagram.com/endtimes.social/
https://www.youtube.com/@JimmyEvans/videos
https://www.youtube.com/@endtimesunlocked/videos
https://endtimes.substack.com/
– You can contact Jimmy Evans to ask him whether we have reached the very end of the end times…
E-Mail: support@endtimes.com
E-Mail: prayer@endtimes.com
E-Mail: questions@endtimes.com
E-Mail: testimonies@endtimes.com
—
‼️‼️ Hammerfall Angel Of Mercy Lyrics
https://youtu.be/Gl3fyQStfSc
–
‼️‼️‼️ IMPORTANT DOCUMENT: YOUTUBE CHANNELS OF RECORD LABELS (AND FESTIVALS) OF THE SATANISTS, AND RELEASES AND PROMOTIONS TO HELP AND PUBLICIZE GOOD METAL BANDS (AND OTHER BANDS) AND COLLABORATE IN THEIR DIFFUSION
‼️‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/mGVBgPWM
–
‼️ GREAT FREE SOFTWARE TO LISTEN TO YOUR MUSIC AND TO CREATE YOUR MUSIC
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/auMDG9eC
–
‼️‼️ VERY IMPORTANT: THE SATANISTS PRODUCE THE BEST MUSIC IN THE WORLD BECAUSE THE SATANISTS ARE FREE. THE PROPHECIES OF THE BIBLE ABOUT MUSIC AND THE ANTICHRIST ARE PARTIALLY FULFILLED. THE ANTICHRIST IS A MUSIC CREATOR WHO CREATES MUSIC WITH SATANISTS, AND SOMETIMES WITH HUMANS WHO ARE NOT SATANISTS. THE ANTICHRIST HAS A GIFT FOR MUSIC. AS IN THE BIBLE, THE ANTICHRIST IS A GOOD COMPOSER, AND THE ANTICHRIST HAS A MUSICAL STYLE WHICH IS VERY ORIGINAL. CHRISTIANS ARE LOCKED IN A MUSICAL STRAITJACKET FOR THE PURPOSE OF PLEASING GOD, WHILE THE SATANISTS ARE QUITE FREE AT THE MUSICAL LEVEL:
https://www.facebook.com/fred.infini/posts/pfbid02LAbWrbPsUYs8jarrCd6zTMfbh1e5eM5uoFMNPTfB3tqmZhhS6buxA5yFoGvKGLuyl
https://vk.com/vrai_antichrist?w=wall313976604_981
–
– The Antichrist does not have the time to create his music by himself: it is the Satanists who create and disseminate the music that has been imagined by the Antichrist…
https://www.twitch.tv/graemerz
https://www.twitch.tv/geisterweltnights
https://www.twitch.tv/voxsinistra
https://www.twitch.tv/mortasha_kinski
https://www.twitch.tv/virtualgothnight
–
– The Satanists produce better music than the Christians because the Satanists are quite free, while the Christians are not quite free because the Christians are obliged to obey God…:
–
– The music of the Satanists is more diverse and creative than the music of the Christians; the Satanists have more creativity regarding music than the Christians because the Satanists are freer than the Christians, who have to please and obey God. These are the reasons why the Satanists produce better music than the Christians, because the Satanists do not have the same limits as the Christians…:
–
‼️‼️ LINKS TO FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIAS:
‼️‼️ FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIAS:
‼️‼️ https://linktr.ee/frederic_descamps
https://www.facebook.com/fred.infini.3
https://vk.com/vrai_antichrist
https://x.com/Vrai_Antichrist
https://real-antichrist.com
https://www.instagram.com/antichristlucifer
My address:
Frederic Descamps
Rue Vlogaert 22 bt 20
bt 20, Sonnette Demaret-Descamps, 4eme etage.
1060 Saint-Gilles (Brussels)
Belgique (Belgium)
‼️‼️ Look at where I live with Google Maps:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Rue+Vlogaert+22,+1060+Saint-Gilles/@50.8325541,4.338001,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x47c3c468d5f87331:0xfc496492fb8fd9d!8m2!3d50.8325541!4d4.3405813!16s%2Fg%2F11snp_hdv_
–
‼️‼️ THIS SONG IS AWESOME ‼️‼️ VALKEAT – My Crown (Official Lyric Video)
https://youtu.be/lcm9PTnYu-Q
‼️‼️ GREAT BAND, THIS BAND MUST BE SUPPORTED. SUPPORT THE ARTISTS, BUY THE MUSIC
–
‼️ I CREATE DOCUMENTS TO INFORM, IT IS COMPLETELY FREE, I DO NOT WANT GIFTS.
‼️ I WANT TO REMAIN INDEPENDENT, I WANT TO PROVIDE SERVICE FOR FREE WITH COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE.
–
‼️‼️ GAMING: FREE GAMES. IMPORTANT ACTORS OF VIDEO GAMES INDUSTRY. GAMING BEST KEYSELLERS STORES
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/bc6mUjgc
–
‼️‼️ RETROGAMING, EMULATION, EMULATORS: IMPORTANT LINKS ABOUT RETROGAMING
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/we4PRcce
–
‼️‼️ BEST GAME CONTROLLERS & BRANDS & YOUTUBE CHANNELS REVIEWING GAME CONTROLLERS & OTHER THINGS
‼️‼️ THE BEST GAME CONTROLLERS AND BRANDS OF GAME CONTROLLERS (WEBSITES) AND YOUTUBE CHANNELS REVIEWING GAME CONTROLLERS AND OTHER INTERESTING THINGS ABOUT GAME CONTROLLERS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/N0KG3rXQ
–
‼️ YEARLY RECOMMENDED MINI PCs: PERFORMANCE, VALUE, PRICE, EFFICIENCY, CONNECTIVITY, TOP MODELS.
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/dwzhvE48
–
‼️‼️ THE LINKS OF THE BEST MINI PC BRANDS AND YOUTUBE CHANNELS ABOUT MINI PCs AND THE BEST LAPTOP BRANDS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/tRzGGg6K
–
‼️‼️ CYBERSECURITY: TIPS AND LINKS TO FIGHT VIRUSES AND INFECTIONS AND MALICIOUS SITES
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/A0WSRYTA
–
‼️ CYBERSECURITY TIPS REGARDING RETROGAMING AND EMULATORS
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/4tYF6Rpz
–
‼️‼️ THE BEST INTERNET BROWSERS AND THE BEST SEARCH ENGINES AND THE BEST META SEARCH ENGINES
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/qy9BzuQc
–
‼️‼️ VIDEO CONVERTER & EDITOR & RECORDER & DOWNLOADER: FOUR BASIC & INEXPENSIVE SOFTWARES & EXTENSIONS
‼️‼️ FOUR BASIC AND INEXPENSIVE SOFTWARES THAT I HAVE USED FOR MY VIDEOS AND SOFTWARES AND EXTENSIONS FOR WEB BROWSER TO DOWNLOAD VIDEOS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/KVZybqL4
–
‼️ FREE ONLINE FILE CONVERTER: 6 FREE WEBSITES TO CONVERT YOUR FILES ONLINE IN THE FORMAT THAT YOU DESIRE
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/dgWd5MTN
–
‼️‼️ CROWDFUNDING SITES
‼️‼️ CROWDFUNDING IS A WAY OF RAISING MONEY TO FINANCE PROJECTS AND BUSINESSES
‼️‼️ IT ENABLES FUNDRAISERS TO COLLECT MONEY FROM A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE VIA ONLINE PLATFORMS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/1wak2bdY
–
‼️ THE BEST WEBSHOPS: WEBSHOPS IN WHICH WE CAN TRUST: TRUSTED WEBSHOPS
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/sNC92i2j
–
‼️ LINKS TO TV NEWS CHANNELS & IMPORTANT LINKS TO WEBSITES FOR FOOTBALL (SOCCER) (LIVE & SUMMARIES)
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/1ZDfq3kt
–
‼️ THE BEST ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE “AI” WEBSITES & THE BEST AI WEBSITES FOR CREATING IMAGES
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/VzNbyKEL
–
‼️ BEST PAID AND FREE STREAMING WEBSITES LIKE NETFLIX TO WATCH FILMS AND SERIES AND TV
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/LFknbKsA
–
‼️ Amiga Forever 11, C64 Forever 11, WinUAE, Magic UAE, AMIKIT, EMU-FRANCE, LAUNCHBOX, HYPERSPIN
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/vNNPDf7X
–
‼️ BEST VIDEO GAME SERIES AND BEST VIDEO GAME PUBLISHERS
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/4THQVDLb
–
‼️ Best Windows-Like Linux Distros: Beginner Guide
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/rN78JYaw
–
‼️ RASPBERRY PI OS (LEGACY) FULL: BEGINNER GUIDE AND ESSENTIAL COMMANDS
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/zRiABFMi
–
‼️ ChatGPT Image Prompt v5.3 UNIVERSAL (SIMPLE): Optimized for Instagram
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/9CyQEvnU
–
‼️ MY PERMANENT AND REUSABLE WORKING METHODOLOGIES FOR ALL CHATGPT CHATS
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/JXZ0Gxqy
–
‼️ Complete SteamOS & Bazzite Guide: Transform Your Windows PC into a Gaming Console
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/AVUwTwbY
–
‼️ Guide complet SteamOS & Bazzite : transformez votre PC Windows en console de jeu
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/uZu2n9Xr
–
‼️ Essential SSD and storage management software: SSD Cloning & SSD Health Monitoring
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/rWp6bFin
–
‼️ Creating Bootable USB Drives The Easy Way: Rufus And Safe Alternatives
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/cNkPLyx2
–
‼️ The Annual Calendar of the Feast Days of the Saints of the Catholic Church
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/qmkskTg0
–
‼️ BLOOD MOON PROPHECY AND RECENT ECLIPSES: BIBLE ACTS 2:20-21 AND JOEL 2:31
‼️‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/s3246BsJ
–
‼️ THE BEST OSs: PC, Linux, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, C64, Retro & Emulation
‼️ HERE:
https://pastebin.com/19Qfr533
–
‼️ #EndTimes ‼️
–
#Coldwave #Darkwave #DarkTechno #DarkDance #CatRave #Gothic #GothicRock #GothMusic #GothDJ
–
#SATAN #LUCIFER #DEVIL #DIABLE #SATANISM #SATANISME #HailSatan #SATANIC #FallenAngel #METAL #666FD #APOCALYPSE #BAPHOMET
–
#AFP #Journalist #CNN #LCI #Diplomacy
–
#Bible #Religion #BibleStudy #Theology #Scripture #Prophecy #Christianity #Christian #Islam #Chrétien
–
#IndieDev #IndiegameDev #GameDev #SoloDev
–
#infoviva #LN24
–
#TheSatanicTemple #SatanicTemple #ChurchOfSatan #666😈 #666
–
—
–

2026 08 17: THE BEST OSs: PC, Linux, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, C64, Retro & Emulation

———————————
———————————

‼️‼️ https://pastebin.com/u/LeGamerInfini
‼️‼️ LAST UPDATE 2026 08 16
‼️‼️ THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
———————————
———————————
–
‼️ THE BEST OSs: PC, Linux, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, C64, Retro & Emulation ‼️THANK YOU‼️
–
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– SUBTITLE
–
– A Complete Guide to the Best Operating Systems for PCs, Linux Distros, Linux Gaming, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, Commodore 64, Retrocomputing and Emulation, Including Modern, Alternative, Historical and Specialized Systems
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– IN ENGLISH:
–
—
–
– INTRODUCTION
–
– This guide presents a broad, organized selection of operating systems for PC, Linux, gaming, Raspberry Pi, Windows, Apple, Android, ChromeOS, BSD, Amiga, Commodore 64, retrocomputing and Live systems.
– Historical, discontinued or uncertain projects are kept in a separate section so they are not confused with currently recommended systems.
– Emulators, frontends, firmware, preconfigured environments and bootable tools are also separated from actual operating systems.
– The listed versions reflect the information available as of the 2026 08 16 update.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– IN ENGLISH:
–
—
–
– PREAMBLE
–
—
–
– RECOMMENDATION: THREE LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS THAT RESEMBLE MICROSOFT WINDOWS:
–
– I recommend these three Linux distributions that resemble Microsoft Windows because they are the three best Linux distributions for beginner users who need a simple-to-use system like Microsoft Windows:
– 1] “Zorin OS” is the best Linux distribution for beginner users (I recommend choosing the free version because I had issues with the paid version).
– 2] “Linux Mint Cinnamon” is the second best Linux distribution for beginner users.
– 3] “Lubuntu” is the third best Linux distribution for beginner users because it is the lightest of the three.
– 3] “Lubuntu” is preferable for less powerful computers.
– 3] “Lubuntu” is slightly less feature-rich than “Linux Mint Cinnamon,” but it is a very good distribution that is almost as good as “Linux Mint Cinnamon.”
– 4] “Debian 13 Trixie” is the last best Linux distribution recommended (but not for beginners), because it is an extremely stable distribution.
– 4] “Debian 13 Trixie” is interesting because it allows you to encounter fewer problems due to its high stability.
–
– 1] Zorin OS:
– https://zorin.com/os/
– https://zorin.com/os/download/
–
– 2] Linux Mint Cinnamon:
– https://linuxmint.com/
– https://linuxmint.com/download.php
–
– 3] Lubuntu:
– https://lubuntu.me/
– https://lubuntu.me/downloads/
–
– 4] Debian 13 Trixie:
– https://www.debian.org/
– https://www.debian.org/download
– https://wiki.debian.org/Wine
– https://wiki.debian.org/fr/Wine
–
– For gaming, you can choose these distributions: “Nobara”, “GLF OS”, or “Pop!_OS”.
– However, it is necessary to have a recent and powerful computer for these three Linux distributions.
– Furthermore, these distributions are too complicated for beginner users.
–
– These two Linux distributions are also recommended for beginner users:
–
– [1] Solus (KDE Plasma)
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: Solus 4.9 Plasma Edition.
– Desktop environment: KDE Plasma 6.6.4.
– KDE components: KDE Frameworks 6.24.0 and KDE Gear 25.12.3.
– Platform / architecture: PC x86-64.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://getsol.us/
– Download / installation: https://getsol.us/download/
– Description: Independent rolling release Linux distribution. The official Plasma edition provides a carefully configured KDE Plasma desktop with coherent settings, and is an excellent choice for users looking for a modern and highly customizable KDE environment.
–
– [2] elementary OS
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 8.1.1 Circe.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 and ARM64 UEFI.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://elementary.io/
– Download / installation: https://elementary.io/
– Description: An elegant and beginner-friendly desktop Linux distribution, focused on simplicity, privacy, and visual consistency. elementary OS 8.1.1 was released on February 27, 2026, and includes the Ubuntu LTS Hardware Enablement stack with Linux 6.17.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– ‼️ THE BEST OSs: PC, Linux, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, C64, Retro & Emulation ‼️
–
– ENGLISH VERSION
–
—
–
– TABLE OF CONTENTS
–
– PART [01] – THE BEST OSs – QUICK SELECTION BY USE
– PART [02] – LINUX FOR PC – GENERAL PURPOSE, DESKTOP, SERVER AND LIGHTWEIGHT
– PART [03] – LINUX GAMING
– PART [04] – RASPBERRY PI
– PART [05] – MICROSOFT WINDOWS
– PART [06] – APPLE, ANDROID, CHROMEOS AND DERIVATIVES
– PART [07] – BSD, UNIX, NAS AND OTHER ALTERNATIVE OSs
– PART [08] – AMIGA
– PART [09] – COMMODORE 64 AND MODERN COMMODORE
– PART [10] – LIVE AND SPECIALIZED SYSTEMS
– PART [11] – HISTORICAL, DISCONTINUED OR UNCERTAIN SYSTEMS AND PROJECTS
– PART [12] – IMPORTANT ITEMS THAT ARE NOT INDEPENDENT OSs
– PART [13] – MAIN OFFICIAL AND PRIMARY SOURCES
–
—
–
– PART [01] – THE BEST OSs – QUICK SELECTION BY USE
–
– Beginner coming from Windows: Zorin OS 18.1, Linux Mint 22.3 Cinnamon, Lubuntu, Debian 13.6, Linux Lite.
– Linux gaming: Bazzite, Nobara Linux, CachyOS, ChimeraOS, GLF OS, SteamOS depending on hardware.
– Old or low-powered PC: Lubuntu, Linux Lite, MX Linux, antiX, Puppy Linux, Damn Small Linux depending on constraints.
– General-purpose Raspberry Pi: Raspberry Pi OS as the first choice, then Ubuntu or Debian depending on your needs.
– Raspberry Pi retrogaming: Recalbox, Batocera.linux, Lakka; RetroPie remains an emulation platform rather than an independent OS.
– Raspberry Pi multimedia: LibreELEC or OSMC for Kodi; Volumio for audio.
– Raspberry Pi home automation: Home Assistant OS.
– Classic Amiga: AmigaOS 3.2 with Update 3 / Kickstart 3.2.3.
– Amiga PowerPC / Amiga-like: AmigaOS 4.1 Final Edition Update 3, MorphOS 3.20, AROS depending on hardware.
– Apollo / Vampire: ApolloOS R8.1.
– Modern Commodore 64: C64 OS 1.09.
– Historical Commodore 64: GEOS 64, LUnix/LNG, Contiki, GeckOS/A65, ACE-128/64.
– Experimental modern C64: ReadyOS PRECOG 0.2.4.
– BSD: FreeBSD 15.1 for general use, OpenBSD 7.9 for security, NetBSD 11.0 for portability.
– DOS: FreeDOS 1.4.
– Modern OS/2: ArcaOS 5.1.2.
– BeOS-like: Haiku.
– NAS: TrueNAS Community Edition 25.10.6; TrueNAS CORE is now a legacy/historical branch.
–
—
–
– PART [02] – LINUX FOR PC – GENERAL PURPOSE, DESKTOP, SERVER AND LIGHTWEIGHT
–
– Zorin OS
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 18.1.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: VERY EASY.
– First release / origin: Zorin OS has existed since 2009; version 18.1 was released on 2026 04 15.
– License: Mix of free/open-source software and project-specific components depending on the edition.
– Official website or main reference: https://zorin.com/os/
– Download / installation: https://zorin.com/os/download/
– Description: Ubuntu-based distribution designed to ease the transition from Windows. Version 18.1 was released on 2026 04 15 and support for the 18 series is announced through 2029 06 01.
–
– Linux Mint
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 22.3 Zena.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: VERY EASY.
– First release / origin: Linux Mint 1.0 Ada: 2006 08.
– License: Primarily free/open-source software; components and codecs may vary depending on the installation.
– Official website or main reference: https://linuxmint.com/
– Download / installation: https://linuxmint.com/download.php
– Description: Very accessible desktop distribution; Cinnamon is especially recommended for users coming from Windows.
–
– Debian
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 13.6 Trixie.
– Platform / architecture: multi-architecture.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– First release / origin: Debian project founded on 1993 08 16.
– License: Software compliant with the Debian Free Software Guidelines in the main section; separate additional sections also exist.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.debian.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.debian.org/download
– Description: Community distribution known for its stability. Debian 13.6 was released on 2026 07 11.
–
– Ubuntu
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: Current branch according to Canonical’s release cycle.
– Platform / architecture: amd64 PC / ARM64 and others cibles.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– First release / origin: Ubuntu 4.10: 2004 10 20.
– License: Distribution of free/open-source software and other packages depending on the repositories.
– Official website or main reference: https://ubuntu.com/
– Download / installation: https://ubuntu.com/download
– Description: Major general-purpose Debian-based distribution with extensive documentation and ecosystem.
–
– Kubuntu
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: amd64 PC.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://kubuntu.org/
– Download / installation: https://kubuntu.org/getkubuntu/
– Description: Ubuntu flavor using KDE Plasma.
–
– Ubuntu Cinnamon
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: amd64 PC.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://ubuntucinnamon.org/
– Download / installation: https://ubuntucinnamon.org/download/
– Description: Official Ubuntu flavor using Cinnamon.
–
– Ubuntu MATE
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: amd64 PC / ARM depending on image.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://ubuntu-mate.org/
– Download / installation: https://ubuntu-mate.org/download/
– Description: Ubuntu flavor using the MATE desktop.
–
– Lubuntu
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: amd64 PC.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://lubuntu.me/
– Download / installation: https://lubuntu.me/downloads/
– Description: Ubuntu flavor with LXQt; an excellent choice for relatively modest computers.
–
– Fedora Linux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 / AArch64.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– First release / origin: Fedora Core 1: 2003 11.
– License: Free and open-source software according to Fedora policies.
– Official website or main reference: https://fedoraproject.org/
– Download / installation: https://fedoraproject.org/workstation/download
– Description: Modern community distribution from the Fedora ecosystem.
–
– Arch Linux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: official x86-64.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://archlinux.org/
– Download / installation: https://archlinux.org/download/
– Description: Minimalist and highly customizable rolling-release distribution.
–
– openSUSE
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: PC and other targets depending on edition.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.opensuse.org/
– Download / installation: https://get.opensuse.org/
– Description: Family including Tumbleweed and Leap.
–
– Mageia
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.mageia.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.mageia.org/downloads/
– Description: General-purpose community distribution derived from the Mandriva heritage.
–
– Gentoo Linux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: multi-architecture.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.gentoo.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.gentoo.org/downloads/
– Description: Highly customizable source-based distribution.
–
– AlmaLinux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 / AArch64 and others.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://almalinux.org/
– Download / installation: https://almalinux.org/get-almalinux/
– Description: Enterprise-oriented community distribution in the RHEL ecosystem.
–
– CentOS Stream
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 / AArch64.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.centos.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.centos.org/download/
– Description: Continuous development stream upstream of Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
–
– Red Hat Enterprise Linux – RHEL
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: RHEL 10 series.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 / ARM64 / IBM Power / IBM Z.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux
– Download / installation: https://developers.redhat.com/products/rhel/download
– Description: Commercial distribution for professional environments and servers.
–
– Rocky Linux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 / AArch64.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://rockylinux.org/
– Download / installation: https://rockylinux.org/download
– Description: Enterprise-oriented community distribution compatible with the RHEL ecosystem.
–
– KDE neon
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://neon.kde.org/
– Download / installation: https://neon.kde.org/download
– Description: Ubuntu base providing recent KDE software quickly.
–
– Q4OS
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: PC.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.q4os.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.q4os.org/downloads1.html
– Description: Lightweight distribution offering KDE Plasma or Trinity.
–
– Feren OS
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://ferenos.weebly.com/
– Download / installation: https://ferenos.weebly.com/get-feren-os.html
– Description: Desktop distribution aimed especially at users coming from Windows.
–
– MakuluLinux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://makululinux.com/
– Download / installation: https://makululinux.com/
– Description: Highly customized Linux family; use the current editions indicated by the project.
–
– Nitrux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 6.1.0.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://nxos.org/
– Download / installation: https://nxos.org/
– Description: Modern specialized distribution with an immutable approach and strongly isolated applications.
–
– Pop!_OS
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 24.04 LTS.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC / ARM depending on image.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://system76.com/pop
– Download / installation: https://system76.com/pop/download/
– Description: System76 distribution focused on desktop use, creation, development and gaming.
–
– elementary OS
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 8.1.1 Circe.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 and ARM64 UEFI.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://elementary.io/
– Download / installation: https://elementary.io/
– Description: Elegant and beginner-friendly desktop Linux distribution focused on simplicity, privacy and visual consistency. elementary OS 8.1.1 was released on February 27, 2026 and includes the Ubuntu LTS Hardware Enablement stack with Linux 6.17.
–
– Manjaro Linux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 / ARM depending on edition.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://manjaro.org/
– Download / installation: https://manjaro.org/products/download/x86
– Description: Arch Linux-based distribution with a graphical installer and tools.
–
– MX Linux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 25.2.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://mxlinux.org/
– Download / installation: https://mxlinux.org/download-links/
– Description: Debian-based distribution known for its stability and its own tools.
–
– CrunchBang++
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 13.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.crunchbangplusplus.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.crunchbangplusplus.org/download/
– Description: Minimalist Debian distribution inheriting the CrunchBang approach.
–
– Linux Lite
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: VERY EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.linuxliteos.com/
– Download / installation: https://www.linuxliteos.com/download.php
– Description: Lightweight distribution for beginners and modest hardware.
–
– antiX
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://antixlinux.com/
– Download / installation: https://antixlinux.com/download/
– Description: Lightweight Debian distribution designed for low resource usage.
–
– Puppy Linux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE / COMMUNITY.
– Platform / architecture: x86 PC depending on build.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://puppylinux-woof-ce.github.io/
– Download / installation: https://puppylinux-woof-ce.github.io/
– Description: Family of extremely lightweight distributions, often run from RAM.
–
– Solus (KDE Plasma)
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: Solus 4.9 Plasma Edition.
– Desktop environment: KDE Plasma 6.6.4.
– KDE components: KDE Frameworks 6.24.0 and KDE Gear 25.12.3.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://getsol.us/
– Download / installation: https://getsol.us/download/
– Description: Independent rolling-release Linux distribution. The official Plasma edition provides a curated KDE Plasma desktop with sensible defaults and is a strong choice for users who want a modern and highly customizable KDE environment.
–
– TUXEDO OS
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.tuxedocomputers.com/en/TUXEDO-OS_1.tuxedo
– Download / installation: https://www.tuxedocomputers.com/en/TUXEDO-OS_1.tuxedo
– Description: TUXEDO Computers desktop distribution focused on KDE and hardware integration.
–
– Damn Small Linux – DSL
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE / NICHE.
– Platform / architecture: x86 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.damnsmalllinux.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.damnsmalllinux.org/
– Description: Extremely lightweight distribution.
–
– KNOPPIX
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE / HISTORICAL.
– Platform / architecture: x86 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.knopper.net/knoppix/
– Download / installation: https://www.knopper.net/knoppix/
– Description: Historical Live distribution.
–
– Slackware Linux
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.slackware.com/
– Download / installation: https://www.slackware.com/getslack/
– Description: Historical distribution favoring a traditional approach.
–
– Tails
– Category: Linux for PC.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://tails.net/
– Download / installation: https://tails.net/install/
– Description: Live system focused on privacy and Tor.
–
—
–
– PART [03] – LINUX GAMING
–
– Bazzite
– Category: Linux gaming.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC / compatible handheld gaming devices.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://bazzite.gg/
– Download / installation: https://bazzite.gg/
– Description: Fedora Atomic / Universal Blue gaming-oriented distribution; an excellent choice for a PC-console experience.
–
– Nobara Linux
– Category: Linux gaming.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: Nobara 43 with Official, GNOME, KDE, Steam-HTPC and Steam-Handheld editions.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://nobaraproject.org/
– Download / installation: https://nobaraproject.org/download.html
– Description: Modified Fedora for gaming, streaming and content creation.
–
– CachyOS
– Category: Linux gaming.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC / compatible handhelds.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://cachyos.org/
– Download / installation: https://cachyos.org/download/
– Description: Arch-based distribution optimized for performance and gaming.
–
– ChimeraOS
– Category: Linux gaming.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: compatible x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://chimeraos.org/
– Download / installation: https://chimeraos.org/download/
– Description: Controller-oriented living-room system designed to turn a compatible PC into a console.
–
– GLF OS
– Category: Linux gaming.
– Status: ACTIVE / YOUNG PROJECT.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://glfos.org/
– Download / installation: https://glfos.org/
– Description: Gaming distribution based on NixOS.
–
– Garuda Linux
– Category: Linux gaming.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://garudalinux.org/
– Download / installation: https://garudalinux.org/downloads
– Description: Arch-based system with editions and tools focused on performance and gaming.
–
– SteamOS
– Category: Linux gaming.
– Status: ACTIVE / VALVE.
– Platform / architecture: Steam Deck and officially compatible hardware; Deck image available.
– Difficulty: EASY on supported hardware.
– Official website or main reference: https://store.steampowered.com/steamos/
– Download / installation: https://store.steampowered.com/steamos/download/
– Description: Valve’s official Linux system for the Steam ecosystem.
–
—
–
– PART [04] – RASPBERRY PI
–
– Raspberry Pi OS
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE / OFFICIAL.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi, ARM 32/64 bits depending on model.
– Difficulty: VERY EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/
– Download / installation: https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/
– Description: Official and default recommended choice for Raspberry Pi.
–
– Raspberry Pi OS Legacy
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE / OFFICIAL.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/
– Download / installation: https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/
– Description: Official branch retaining an older base for compatibility.
–
– Ubuntu for Raspberry Pi
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE / OFFICIAL.
– Platform / architecture: supported Raspberry Pi models.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://ubuntu.com/raspberry-pi
– Download / installation: https://ubuntu.com/download/raspberry-pi
– Description: General-purpose and server alternative.
–
– Ubuntu Core
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE / OFFICIAL.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi and IoT compatible.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://ubuntu.com/core
– Download / installation: https://ubuntu.com/download/iot/raspberry-pi
– Description: Immutable OS focused on IoT, appliances and transactional updates.
–
– Ubuntu MATE for Raspberry Pi
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE DEPENDING ON IMAGE / ARCHITECTURE.
– Platform / architecture: ARM64.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://ubuntu-mate.org/
– Download / installation: https://ubuntu-mate.org/download/
– Description: Ubuntu with the MATE desktop; available for Raspberry Pi.
–
– Manjaro ARM
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE DEPENDING ON HARDWARE.
– Platform / architecture: ARM / Raspberry Pi depending on image.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://manjaro.org/
– Download / installation: https://manjaro.org/products/download/arm
– Description: ARM variant of Manjaro.
–
– Debian for Raspberry Pi
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE / DEBIAN COMMUNITY.
– Platform / architecture: ARM.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://raspi.debian.net/
– Download / installation: https://raspi.debian.net/
– Description: Relatively pure Debian images for Raspberry Pi.
–
– Kali Linux ARM
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi and others ARM.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED / SPECIALIZED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.kali.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.kali.org/get-kali/
– Description: Cybersecurity and authorized auditing.
–
– DietPi
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi and many SBCs.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://dietpi.com/
– Download / installation: https://dietpi.com/download
– Description: Lightweight system for servers, services and specialized devices.
–
– Recalbox
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi / PC and other hardware depending on image.
– Difficulty: VERY EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.recalbox.com/
– Download / installation: https://www.recalbox.com/download/stable/
– Description: Retrogaming and emulation distribution.
–
– Batocera.linux
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi / PC and other hardware depending on image.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://batocera.org/
– Download / installation: https://batocera.org/download
– Description: Multi-platform retrogaming distribution.
–
– Lakka
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi and other hardware depending on image.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.lakka.tv/
– Download / installation: https://www.lakka.tv/get/
– Description: Lightweight distribution centered on RetroArch.
–
– LibreELEC
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: supported Raspberry Pi models.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://libreelec.tv/
– Download / installation: https://libreelec.tv/downloads/raspberry/
– Description: Minimal system for Kodi.
–
– OSMC
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: supported Raspberry Pi models.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://osmc.tv/
– Download / installation: https://osmc.tv/download/
– Description: Multimedia system based on Debian and Kodi.
–
– Volumio
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi / PC and others.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://volumio.com/
– Download / installation: https://volumio.com/get-started/
– Description: Audio system and network player.
–
– Home Assistant OS
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: supported Raspberry Pi models.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.home-assistant.io/
– Download / installation: https://www.home-assistant.io/installation/raspberrypi/
– Description: Specialized home-automation system.
–
– Twister OS
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE / NICHE.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi / PC depending on edition.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://twisteros.com/
– Download / installation: https://twisteros.com/download.html
– Description: Themed multimedia distribution.
–
– FydeOS
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86 / ARM depending on edition.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://fydeos.io/
– Download / installation: https://fydeos.io/download/
– Description: System derived from Chromium OS.
–
– Android / LineageOS community for Raspberry Pi
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE DEPENDING ON BUILD.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi ARM.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://konstakang.com/
– Download / installation: https://konstakang.com/devices/rpi5/
– Description: Community Android and Android TV ports; not an official Google or LineageOS port for Raspberry Pi.
–
– Windows on Raspberry – WoR
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE / COMMUNITY.
– Platform / architecture: ARM64 on some Raspberry Pi models and SBCs.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://worproject.com/
– Download / installation: https://worproject.com/downloads
– Description: Community project enabling Windows ARM installation; not affiliated with Microsoft or Raspberry Pi.
–
– RISC OS
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE / HISTORICAL.
– Platform / architecture: ARM / Raspberry Pi.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.riscosopen.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.riscosopen.org/content/downloads/raspberry-pi
– Description: Non-Linux OS from the Acorn ecosystem.
–
– NetBSD for Raspberry Pi
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 11.0.
– Platform / architecture: ARM / supported Raspberry Pi models.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.netbsd.org/
– Download / installation: https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-11.0/
– Description: Highly portable BSD with official support for several Raspberry Pi models.
–
– webOS OSE
– Category: Raspberry Pi.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 2.28.0.
– Platform / architecture: Raspberry Pi 4 Model B officially supported.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– License: Apache License 2.0 for the main project.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.webosose.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.webosose.org/docs/guides/setup/system-requirements/
– Description: Open-source platform for smart and embedded devices.
–
—
–
– PART [05] – MICROSOFT WINDOWS
–
– Windows 11
– Category: Microsoft Windows.
– Status: ACTIVE / MICROSOFT.
– Platform / architecture: PC x64 / ARM64 depending on device.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.microsoft.com/windows/windows-11
– Download / installation: https://www.microsoft.com/software-download/windows11
– Description: Current desktop Windows recommended on officially compatible hardware.
–
– Windows 10
– Category: Microsoft Windows.
– Status: HISTORICAL / FREE SUPPORT ENDED.
– Version: 22H2.
– Platform / architecture: PC.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.microsoft.com/software-download/windows10
– Download / installation: https://www.microsoft.com/software-download/windows10
– Description: Free Windows 10 support ended on 2025 10 14; keep it for historical reference and extended-support cases, but do not recommend it by default on an Internet-connected PC.
–
– Windows Server 2019
– Category: Microsoft Windows.
– Status: ACTIVE WITHIN ITS SUPPORT LIFECYCLE / SERVER.
– Platform / architecture: x64 server.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.microsoft.com/windows-server
– Download / installation: https://www.microsoft.com/evalcenter/evaluate-windows-server-2019
– Description: Microsoft server operating system included in the USB/Rufus-related material.
–
—
–
– PART [06] – APPLE, ANDROID, CHROMEOS AND DERIVATIVES
–
– macOS
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: macOS 27 Golden Gate announced / preview for fall 2026.
– Platform / architecture: supported Apple Macs.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.apple.com/macos/
– Download / installation: https://support.apple.com/macos
– Description: Apple OS for Mac. The announced version 27 should not be confused with a stable version already deployed.
–
– Android
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: smartphones, tablets, TVs and compatible devices.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.android.com/
– Download / installation: https://developer.android.com/about/versions
– Description: Google’s mobile operating system.
–
– Android TV / Google TV
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: TVs and compatible media devices.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://tv.google/
– Description: Android ecosystem for television.
–
– ChromeOS
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: ACTIVE / GOOGLE.
– Platform / architecture: Chromebooks and compatible hardware.
– Difficulty: VERY EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://chromeos.google/
– Description: Google system centered on web, Android and Linux depending on the device.
–
– ChromeOS Flex
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: ACTIVE / GOOGLE.
– Platform / architecture: PC and Mac compatible.
– Difficulty: EASY.
– Official website or main reference: https://chromeos.google/products/chromeos-flex/
– Download / installation: https://support.google.com/chromeosflex/answer/11552529
– Description: Google edition designed to reuse compatible PCs and Macs.
–
– Chromium OS
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: ACTIVE AS AN OPEN-SOURCE BASE.
– Platform / architecture: Depending on the build.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/
– Description: Open-source base related to ChromeOS.
–
– FydeOS
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: PC and ARM depending on edition.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://fydeos.io/
– Download / installation: https://fydeos.io/download/
– Description: System derived from Chromium OS.
–
– Wayne OS
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: ACTIVE / SPECIALIZED.
– Platform / architecture: compatible x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://wayne-inc.com/en/wayne-os/
– Description: Chromium OS-derived system focused on enterprise use and terminals.
–
– Bliss OS
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: x86 / x86-64 PC depending on the build.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://blissos.org/
– Download / installation: https://blissos.org/
– Description: Android adapted for PCs and x86 devices.
–
– Android-x86
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: HISTORICAL / PROJECT STILL ACCESSIBLE.
– Platform / architecture: x86 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.android-x86.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.android-x86.org/download
– Description: Historical Android port to x86; prefer Bliss OS for a more current option.
–
– PrimeOS
– Category: Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Status: PRIMEOS x86 FOR PC DISCONTINUED; PRIMEOS 3.0 ACTIVE ON PRIMEBOOK.
– Version: PrimeOS 3.0 based on Android 15 on Primebook.
– Platform / architecture: Primebook; former x86 PC edition discontinued.
– Difficulty: NOT RECOMMENDED for general PC installation.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.primebook.in/primeos
– Description: The Primebook team announced the discontinuation of PrimeOS x86 in 2025 and states that PrimeOS 3.0 is reserved for Primebook hardware.
–
—
–
– PART [07] – BSD, UNIX, NAS AND OTHER ALTERNATIVE OSs
–
– FreeBSD
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE / PRODUCTION.
– Version: 15.1-RELEASE.
– Platform / architecture: amd64 / arm64 and others.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– License: BSD-style and other permissive licenses for the base system, depending on component.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.freebsd.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.freebsd.org/where/
– Description: Versatile BSD. FreeBSD 15.1 was released on 2026 06 16.
–
– OpenBSD
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 7.9.
– Platform / architecture: multi-architecture.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– License: Permissive BSD/ISC-style licenses depending on component.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.openbsd.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html
– Description: BSD focused on security, simplicity and auditing. OpenBSD 7.9 was released on 2026 05 19.
–
– NetBSD
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 11.0.
– Platform / architecture: many architectures.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– License: NetBSD BSD license and compatible licenses depending on component.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.netbsd.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-11/
– Description: BSD known for its portability. NetBSD 11.0 was released on 2026 07 30.
–
– GhostBSD
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 26.1-R15.0p2.
– Platform / architecture: amd64.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.ghostbsd.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.ghostbsd.org/download
– Description: FreeBSD-based desktop system.
–
– NomadBSD
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: NICHE / CURRENT STATUS TO BE MONITORED.
– Platform / architecture: amd64.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://nomadbsd.org/
– Description: Persistent Live system based on FreeBSD; current status should be monitored.
–
– TrueNAS Community Edition
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 25.10.6.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 moderne.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.truenas.com/
– Download / installation: https://www.truenas.com/download-truenas-community-edition/
– Description: Current community edition derived from the former SCALE branch; based on Linux. TrueNAS 25.10.6 was released on 2026 08 12.
–
– TrueNAS CORE
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: LEGACY / HISTORICAL.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.truenas.com/
– Description: Former FreeBSD branch. Do not confuse it with the current Linux-based TrueNAS Community Edition.
–
– OpenIndiana
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE / ROLLING.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.openindiana.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.openindiana.org/download/
– Description: Distribution from the illumos family.
–
– SerenityOS
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE / DEVELOPMENT.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED / EXPERIMENTAL.
– Official website or main reference: https://serenityos.org/
– Description: Unix-like system developed from scratch; mainly intended for experimentation and development.
–
– Haiku
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE / BETA.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 and variantes x86.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.haiku-os.org/
– Download / installation: https://download.haiku-os.org/
– Description: Free and open-source spiritual successor to BeOS. The project remains important; consult the official website for the current version.
–
– ReactOS
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE / EXPERIMENTAL.
– Version: 0.4.15.
– Platform / architecture: primarily x86.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED / EXPERIMENTAL.
– License: Mostly GNU GPL with components under other free/open-source licenses.
– Official website or main reference: https://reactos.org/
– Download / installation: https://reactos.org/download/
– Description: Open-source OS aiming for compatibility with Windows software and drivers.
–
– ArcaOS
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 5.1.2.
– Platform / architecture: x86 PC compatible.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED / SPECIALIZED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.arcanoae.com/arcaos/
– Description: Modern continuation of the OS/2 family.
–
– FreeDOS
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 1.4.
– Platform / architecture: x86 PC compatible DOS.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– First release / origin: FreeDOS project launched in 1994.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.freedos.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.freedos.org/download/
– Description: Free DOS-compatible system useful for retrocomputing and legacy software.
–
– KolibriOS
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE / NICHE.
– Platform / architecture: x86 PC.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://kolibrios.org/
– Download / installation: https://kolibrios.org/en/download
– Description: Small independent operating system written mainly in assembly language.
–
– EmuTOS
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE / RETRO.
– Platform / architecture: Motorola 68000 / ColdFire and plateformes compatible.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://emutos.sourceforge.io/
– Download / installation: https://sourceforge.net/projects/emutos/
– Description: Free and open-source alternative to TOS for Atari ST and compatible machines.
–
– webOS OSE
– Category: BSD / Unix / alternative.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 2.28.0.
– Platform / architecture: embedded / Raspberry Pi 4.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– License: Apache License 2.0 for the main project.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.webosose.org/
– Description: Open-source platform from the webOS ecosystem.
–
—
–
– PART [08] – AMIGA
–
– AmigaOS 3.2
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: ACTIVE / OFFICIAL.
– Version: 3.2 with Update 3 and Kickstart 3.2.3.
– Platform / architecture: classic Motorola 68K Amigas.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/index.php/where-to-buy/direct-downloads/327-amigaos-32
– Download / installation: https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/index.php/where-to-buy/direct-downloads/327-amigaos-32
– Description: Official modern branch for classic Amigas. Update 3 was released in 2025; AmigaOS 3.2 has been available as a digital purchase since 2026 03 23.
–
– AmigaOS 4.1 Final Edition
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: ACTIVE / OFFICIAL.
– Version: Update 3.
– Platform / architecture: PowerPC on compatible AmigaOS 4 hardware.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED / SPECIALIZED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.amigaos.net/
– Download / installation: https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/
– Description: PowerPC branch. Update 3 was released on 2025 10 18 and brings many improvements to stability, networking, USB and kernels.
–
– MorphOS
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: 3.20.
– Platform / architecture: PowerPC on officially supported hardware.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.morphos-team.net/
– Download / installation: https://www.morphos-team.net/downloads
– Description: Lightweight and high-performance Amiga-like OS. MorphOS 3.20 was released on 2026 05 30.
–
– AROS – AROS Research Operating System
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: ACTIVE / OPEN SOURCE.
– Platform / architecture: several architectures depending on branch.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED.
– First release / origin: Project started in 1995.
– License: AROS Public License 1.1.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.aros.org/
– Download / installation: https://www.aros.org/download.php
– Description: Open-source reimplementation of AmigaOS concepts and APIs.
–
– Icaros Desktop
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: ACTIVE / AROS DISTRIBUTION.
– Platform / architecture: x86 PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://icarosdesktop.org/
– Download / installation: https://icarosdesktop.org/p/download.html
– Description: Complete distribution based on AROS.
–
– ApolloOS
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Version: R8.1.
– Platform / architecture: Apollo Vampire / V4 and 68K environment.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.apollo-computer.com/apolloos.php
– Description: AROS fork optimized for the Apollo ecosystem.
–
– NetBSD/amiga
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: ACTIVE / PORT NETBSD.
– Version: NetBSD 11.0.
– Platform / architecture: compatible 68K Amigas.
– Difficulty: EXPERT.
– Official website or main reference: https://wiki.netbsd.org/ports/amiga/
– Download / installation: https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-11.0/
– Description: Actual Unix/BSD port for Amiga; an important technical alternative.
–
– NetBSD/amigappc
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: EXPERIMENTAL.
– Platform / architecture: Phase 5 PowerPC accelerator cards for Amiga.
– Difficulty: EXPERT / DEVELOPMENT.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.netbsd.org/ports/amigappc/
– Description: Highly experimental port; no standard binary release is announced.
–
– Amiga UNIX – AMIX
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Platform / architecture: Amiga 2500UX / 3000UX and historical configurations.
– Difficulty: EXPERT / HISTORICAL.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.amigaunix.com/
– Description: UNIX System V Release 4 ported by Commodore-Amiga.
–
– Historical AmigaOS
– Category: Amiga.
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Version: 1.x, 2.x, 3.0, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9, 3.1.4 and 4.0.
– Platform / architecture: Amiga depending on version.
– Difficulty: VARIABLE.
– Official website or main reference: https://wiki.amigaos.net/wiki/AmigaOS_Versions
– Description: Essential families for tracing the evolution of AmigaOS. The first pre-commercial Kickstart 0.7 version was shown at CES in 1985.
–
—
–
– PART [09] – COMMODORE 64 AND MODERN COMMODORE
–
– Commodore 64 KERNAL + BASIC V2
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: ORIGINAL SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT.
– Platform / architecture: Commodore 64 / MOS 6510.
– Difficulty: EASY to EXPERT depending on use.
– Official website or main reference: https://commodore.net/
– Description: Fundamental ROM-based C64 system environment; it is not a modern disk-installed OS.
–
– C64 OS
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: ACTIVE / RECOMMENDED.
– Version: 1.09.
– Platform / architecture: real Commodore 64 and compatible configurations depending on hardware.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://c64os.com/
– Download / installation: https://c64os.com/c64os/softwareupdates/
– Description: Modern system for C64. Version 1.09 is the current listed branch; C64 OS 1.0 was released in 2022.
–
– GEOS 64
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / ESSENTIAL.
– Platform / architecture: Commodore 64.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://commodore.net/pressplay/geos/
– Description: Graphical Environment Operating System, a major historical graphical environment for the C64.
–
– GEOS MegaPatch 3
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / GEOS EXTENSION.
– Platform / architecture: C64 / C128.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.c64-wiki.de/wiki/GEOS_MegaPatch_3.0
– Description: Major extension of GEOS 2.x; it should not be counted as a completely independent OS.
–
– Contiki for Commodore 64
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / OPEN SOURCE.
– Platform / architecture: C64.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– License: BSD 3-Clause License for the historical Contiki code.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.contiki-os.org/
– Download / installation: https://github.com/contiki-os/contiki
– Description: Historical port of Contiki for C64.
–
– LUnix – Little Unix
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / EXPERIMENTAL.
– Platform / architecture: C64.
– Difficulty: EXPERT.
– Official website or main reference: https://lng.sourceforge.net/lunix/lunix.html
– Description: Experimental Unix-like system for C64.
–
– LUnix Next Generation – LNG
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / EXPERIMENTAL.
– Platform / architecture: C64 / C128 depending on components.
– Difficulty: EXPERT.
– Official website or main reference: https://lng.sourceforge.net/
– Description: Successor to and rewrite of LUnix.
–
– GeckOS/A65
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / EXPERIMENTAL.
– Platform / architecture: 6502 including C64/C128.
– Difficulty: EXPERT.
– Official website or main reference: https://6502.org/users/andre/osa/index.html
– Description: Multitasking system for 6502-based machines.
–
– ACE-128/64
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / EXPERIMENTAL.
– Platform / architecture: C128 / C64.
– Difficulty: EXPERT.
– Official website or main reference: https://csbruce.com/cbm/ace/
– Description: Historical alternative system.
–
– CP/M on Commodore 64
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / SPECIAL HARDWARE.
– Platform / architecture: C64 with an appropriate Z80 expansion.
– Difficulty: EXPERT.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.cpm.z80.de/
– Description: CP/M can be used on some C64 configurations equipped with an additional Z80 processor.
–
– ReadyOS PRECOG
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: ACTIVE / EXPERIMENTAL.
– Version: 0.2.4 line.
– Platform / architecture: modern C64 with REU; C64 Ultimate / Ultimate-family priority; VICE usable.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– License: MIT.
– Official website or main reference: https://github.com/ReadyOS-C64/ReadyOs
– Download / installation: https://github.com/ReadyOS-C64/ReadyOs/releases
– Description: Modern REU-first environment with applications suspended in memory and several distribution formats.
–
– CLiPS
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Platform / architecture: C64.
– Difficulty: EXPERT.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.symbos.de/mirrors/www.clips64.de/index.htm
– Description: Historical graphical system for Commodore 64.
–
– WiNGS
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / UNCERTAIN MODERN SOURCE.
– Platform / architecture: C64.
– Difficulty: EXPERT.
– Description: Historical C64 system kept as a reference; no sufficiently reliable modern official channel is listed.
–
– Wheels 64/128
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / GEOS ECOSYSTEM.
– Platform / architecture: C64 / C128.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Description: Successor to or major extension of the GEOS ecosystem; no reliable current official channel is listed.
–
– TEOS
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: PROJECT / HISTORICAL.
– Platform / architecture: C64.
– Difficulty: ADVANCED.
– Description: C64 project kept as a historical reference; modern status is uncertain.
–
– PicoOS / C=SOFT OS / Asterix / DOS/65
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: HISTORICAL / SPECIALIZED.
– Platform / architecture: C64 or 6502 depending on project.
– Difficulty: EXPERT.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/Operating_System
– Description: Specialized projects kept as references; not recommended as primary modern C64 operating systems.
–
– Commodore OS Vision
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: ACTIVE / MODERN COMMODORE.
– Version: 3.1.
– Platform / architecture: x86-64 PC.
– Difficulty: EASY TO INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://www.commodoreos.net/CommodoreOS.aspx
– Download / installation: https://commodore.net/downloads/
– Description: Modern PC Linux distribution carrying the Commodore identity. Version 3.1 was released on 2026 04 28.
–
– Commodore Callback OS
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: MODERN COMMODORE PHONE PROJECT.
– Platform / architecture: Commodore Callback phone.
– Difficulty: END USER.
– Official website or main reference: https://commodore.net/dont-call-it-dumb-the-apps-of-the-commodore-callback/
– Description: Custom Sailfish OS integration created for the Commodore Callback phone. It should not be presented as the OS of the Commodore 64 Ultimate.
–
– Sailfish OS
– Category: Commodore / C64.
– Status: ACTIVE.
– Platform / architecture: compatible mobile devices.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://sailfishos.org/
– Description: Jolla’s mobile Linux operating system serving as the technological base for Callback OS.
–
—
–
– PART [10] – LIVE AND SPECIALIZED SYSTEMS
–
– GParted Live
– Category: Live / specialized.
– Status: ACTIVE / SPECIALIZED.
– Platform / architecture: bootable PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://gparted.org/
– Download / installation: https://gparted.org/livecd.php
– Description: Specialized Live mini-system for disk partitioning.
–
– Clonezilla Live
– Category: Live / specialized.
– Status: ACTIVE / SPECIALIZED.
– Platform / architecture: bootable PC.
– Difficulty: INTERMEDIATE.
– Official website or main reference: https://clonezilla.org/
– Download / installation: https://clonezilla.org/downloads.php
– Description: Live system for disk cloning and imaging.
–
—
–
– PART [11] – HISTORICAL, DISCONTINUED OR UNCERTAIN SYSTEMS AND PROJECTS
–
– Windows 1.0 / 1.01
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Historical Microsoft Windows family.
–
– Windows 3.1
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Classic Windows from the early 1990s.
–
– Windows 95
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Historical Windows 9x.
–
– Windows 98 / Windows 98 SE
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Historical Windows 9x.
–
– Windows Millennium Edition – Windows ME
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Last major consumer branch of Windows 9x.
–
– Windows XP
– Status: HISTORICAL / UNSUPPORTED.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Former consumer Windows NT system.
–
– Windows Vista
– Status: HISTORICAL / UNSUPPORTED.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Former Windows NT system.
–
– Windows 7
– Status: HISTORICAL / UNSUPPORTED.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Former Windows NT system.
–
– Windows 8
– Status: HISTORICAL / UNSUPPORTED.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Former Windows system.
–
– Windows 8.1
– Status: HISTORICAL / UNSUPPORTED.
– Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description: Former Windows system.
–
– Windows 12
– Status: NOT VALIDATED AS A RELEASED MICROSOFT PRODUCT.
– Description: Name used in rumors and concepts; no officially released Microsoft version is listed.
–
– Tiny11
– Status: COMMUNITY BUILD.
– Reference: https://github.com/ntdevlabs/tiny11builder
– Description: Lightweight derivative of Windows 11; not an independent Microsoft operating system.
–
– AtlasOS
– Status: WINDOWS MODIFICATION.
– Reference: https://atlasos.net/
– Description: Playbook/modifications applied to Windows; not an independent operating system.
–
– Windows 93
– Status: WEB PROJECT.
– Reference: https://www.windows93.net/
– Description: Web art project; not a Microsoft version.
–
– Windows 96
– Status: WEB PROJECT.
– Reference: https://windows96.net/
– Description: Windows-inspired web project; not a Microsoft version.
–
– Macintosh System 7 / Mac OS 7
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://support.apple.com/
– Description: Classic Macintosh operating system.
–
– Remix OS
– Status: DISCONTINUED.
– Description: Former Android-for-PC system developed by Jide.
–
– TrueOS
– Status: DISCONTINUED.
– Reference: https://www.truenas.com/trueos-discontinuation/
– Description: Former FreeBSD system; project discontinued.
–
– FuryBSD
– Status: ARCHIVED / HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://github.com/jaronparsons/furybsd-livecd
– Description: Former FreeBSD-based Live desktop.
–
– OS/2
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://www.ibm.com/history/os2
– Description: System initially developed by IBM/Microsoft and later IBM; ArcaOS continues this heritage.
–
– BeOS
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://www.haiku-os.org/legacy-docs/
– Description: Be Inc. operating system that inspired Haiku.
–
– Atari TOS
– Status: HISTORICAL.
– Reference: https://www.atari.com/
– Description: Operating system from the Atari ST family.
–
– Fenix OS / Swiftjaro
– Status: HISTORICAL / NOT RECOMMENDED.
– Reference: https://fenixlinux.com/
– Description: Former Linux project; the current domain points to an archive.
–
– ChaletOS
– Status: HISTORICAL / DISCONTINUED.
– Reference: https://sourceforge.net/projects/chaletos/
– Description: Former Ubuntu distribution with a Windows-like appearance.
–
– CutefishOS
– Status: PARTIAL PROJECT / NOT RECOMMENDED BY DEFAULT.
– Reference: https://github.com/cutefishos
– Description: Repositories still exist, but there is no sufficiently clear current stable release for a primary recommendation.
–
– RebornOS
– Status: CURRENT STATUS UNCERTAIN.
– Reference: https://rebornos.org/
– Description: Arch-based project kept with caution.
–
– Raspbian X / XP / 95 / iRaspbian
– Status: HISTORICAL COMMUNITY BUILDS.
– Reference: https://raspbian-x.com/
– Description: Historical community Raspberry Pi OS variants with interfaces inspired by other systems.
–
– ApplePiOS
– Status: HISTORICAL COMMUNITY BUILD.
– Description: Raspberry Pi build with a macOS-like appearance; no reliable current official website is listed.
–
– MonKajaro / Monkafenixjaro
– Status: HISTORICAL COMMUNITY BUILDS.
– Description: Historical community builds for Raspberry Pi; no reliable current official source is listed.
–
– PiTosh OS / Pitosh OS
– Status: HISTORICAL COMMUNITY BUILD.
– Description: Historical community Raspberry Pi build with a Macintosh theme.
–
– Dosbian / Dosbian-X
– Status: COMMUNITY RETRO PROJECT.
– Reference: https://github.com/weese/dosbian-x
– Description: Raspberry Pi environment optimized for DOSBox/DOS; kept as a specialized retrogaming solution.
–
– Lite OS
– Status: AMBIGUOUS PROJECT ENTRY.
– Description: Ambiguous project name; the exact project cannot be identified with sufficient certainty.
–
– Arix OS
– Status: HISTORICAL / AROS PROJECT.
– Description: Historical project; no reliable modern official channel is listed.
–
– ArkOS
– Status: RETROGAMING / HANDHELD PROJECT.
– Reference: https://github.com/christianhaitian/arkos
– Description: Linux emulation distribution for handheld consoles; distinguish it from older projects with a similar name.
–
– AmigaOS 3.3
– Status: NOT VALIDATED AS A PUBLIC RELEASE.
– Reference: https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/
– Description: Do not present it as an available version without an official announcement.
–
– AmigaOS 4.2
– Status: HISTORICALLY ANNOUNCED PROJECT.
– Reference: https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/
– Description: No current public version is listed as available.
–
– CoffinOS
– Status: AMIGA ENVIRONMENT, NOT AN OFFICIAL OS.
– Description: Keep it separate because of its nature and redistribution concerns.
–
—
–
– PART [12] – IMPORTANT ITEMS THAT ARE NOT INDEPENDENT OSs
–
– Amiga Workbench Simulator – TAWS
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://taws.ch/WB.html
– Description: Web simulator of the Amiga Workbench.
–
– EmuOS
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://emupedia.net/beta/emuos/
– Description: Web-based retro emulation environment.
–
– Amiga Forever
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.amigaforever.com/
– Description: Commercial Amiga emulation and preservation suite.
–
– C64 Forever
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.c64forever.com/
– Description: Commercial C64 emulation and preservation suite.
–
– AmiKit
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.amikit.amiga.sk/
– Description: Preconfigured Amiga environment; not a new AmigaOS.
–
– PiMiga
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.youtube.com/@ChrisEdwardsRestoration/videos
– Description: Preconfigured Amiga environment running through emulation.
–
– Amibian
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://gunkrist79.wixsite.com/amibian
– Description: Amiga-focused Raspberry Pi distribution/environment; not a native AmigaOS.
–
– AMiNIMiga
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.aminimiga.com/
– Description: Preconfigured Amiga environment.
–
– ClassicWB / Classic Workbench
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: http://classicwb.abime.net/
– Description: Historical preconfigured Amiga Workbench environment.
–
– Amiga Inside
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Description: Historical Amiga environment.
–
– Amilator
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Description: Bootable Amiga environment.
–
– Amithlon
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Description: Historical environment for running an Amiga environment on x86 PCs.
–
– RetroPie
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://retropie.org.uk/
– Description: Emulation platform installable on Raspberry Pi OS/Debian; not an independent OS in the same sense as Recalbox.
–
– BerryBoot
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.berryterminal.com/doku.php/berryboot
– Description: Bootloader and multi-OS installer for Raspberry Pi.
–
– GNOME 40
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.gnome.org/
– Description: Desktop environment, not an operating system.
–
– WinUAE
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.winuae.net/
– Description: Amiga emulator for Windows.
–
– FS-UAE
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://fs-uae.net/
– Description: Cross-platform Amiga emulator.
–
– Amiberry
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://amiberry.com/
– Description: Amiga emulator optimized especially for Linux/ARM.
–
– RetroArch
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.retroarch.com/
– Description: Emulation frontend and framework.
–
– EmulationStation
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://emulationstation.org/
– Description: Graphical emulation frontend.
–
– LaunchBox
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.launchbox-app.com/
– Description: Frontend and game manager.
–
– HyperSpin
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://hyperspin-fe.com/
– Description: Emulation frontend.
–
– Armiga
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Description: Historical Amiga emulation hardware/solution; the former official domain has since been reassigned.
–
– MiST FPGA
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://github.com/mist-devel/mist-board/wiki
– Description: FPGA platform for recreating retro machines.
–
– FPGA Arcade
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.fpgaarcade.com/
– Description: Retro FPGA platform.
–
– Archboot
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://archboot.com/
– Description: Installation/recovery environment related to Arch Linux.
–
– Hiren’s BootCD PE
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.hirensbootcd.org/
– Description: Bootable troubleshooting environment based on Windows PE.
–
– rEFInd
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.rodsbooks.com/refind/
– Description: UEFI boot manager.
–
– Super Grub2 Disk
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.supergrubdisk.org/super-grub2-disk/
– Description: Bootable boot-recovery tool.
–
– UEFI Shell
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://uefi.org/
– Description: UEFI firmware shell.
–
– Ultimate Boot CD
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://www.ultimatebootcd.com/
– Description: Bootable collection of diagnostic tools.
–
– Offline NT Password & Registry Editor
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Description: Former bootable maintenance tool, not an operating system.
–
– Trinity Rescue Kit
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Description: Former recovery environment, not a modern general-purpose operating system.
–
– C64 Ultimate Firmware
– Classification: NOT AN INDEPENDENT OS.
– Reference: https://commodore.net/
– Description: Hardware firmware for the Commodore 64 Ultimate, not a distinct operating system.
–
—
–
– PART [13] – MAIN OFFICIAL AND PRIMARY SOURCES
–
– https://linuxmint.com/
– https://zorin.com/os/
– https://www.debian.org/
– https://ubuntu.com/
– https://fedoraproject.org/
– https://bazzite.gg/
– https://nobaraproject.org/
– https://cachyos.org/
– https://chimeraos.org/
– https://store.steampowered.com/steamos/
– https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/
– https://www.recalbox.com/
– https://batocera.org/
– https://www.lakka.tv/
– https://www.microsoft.com/software-download/windows11
– https://www.apple.com/macos/
– https://chromeos.google/
– https://www.freebsd.org/releases/
– https://www.openbsd.org/
– https://www.netbsd.org/
– https://www.truenas.com/
– https://reactos.org/
– https://www.arcanoae.com/arcaos/
– https://www.freedos.org/
– https://www.webosose.org/
– https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/
– https://www.morphos-team.net/
– https://www.aros.org/
– https://icarosdesktop.org/
– https://www.apollo-computer.com/apolloos.php
– https://c64os.com/
– https://commodore.net/pressplay/geos/
– https://github.com/ReadyOS-C64/ReadyOs
– https://www.commodoreos.net/CommodoreOS.aspx
– https://commodore.net/downloads/
– https://sailfishos.org/
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– IN FRENCH:
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
‼️ LES MEILLEURS OS : PC, Linux, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, C64, Rétro & Émulation ‼️MERCI‼️
–
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– SOUS-TITRE
–
– Guide complet des meilleurs systèmes d’exploitation pour PC, Linux Distros, Linux Gaming, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, Commodore 64, rétro-informatique et émulation, incluant les systèmes modernes, alternatifs, historiques et spécialisés
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– INTRODUCTION
–
– Ce guide présente une sélection large et classée de systèmes d’exploitation pour PC, Linux, gaming, Raspberry Pi, Windows, Apple, Android, ChromeOS, BSD, Amiga, Commodore 64, rétro-informatique et systèmes Live.
– Les projets historiques, abandonnés ou incertains sont conservés dans une section séparée afin de ne pas les confondre avec les systèmes actuellement recommandés.
– Les émulateurs, frontends, firmwares, environnements préconfigurés et outils bootables sont également séparés des vrais systèmes d’exploitation.
– Les versions indiquées correspondent aux informations disponibles lors de la mise à jour du 2026 08 15.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– IN FRENCH:
–
—
–
– PRÉAMBULE
–
—
–
– RECOMMANDATION : TROIS DISTRIBUTIONS DE LINUX QUI RESSEMBLENT À MICROSOFT WINDOWS :
–
– Je recommande ces trois distributions de Linux qui ressemblent à Microsoft Windows parce qu’elles sont les trois meilleures distributions de Linux pour des utilisateurs débutants qui ont besoin d’un système simple à utiliser comme Microsoft Windows :
– 1] “Zorin OS” est la meilleure distribution de Linux pour des utilisateurs débutants (je recommande de choisir la version gratuite car j’ai eu des problèmes avec la version payante).
– 2] “Linux Mint Cinnamon” est la deuxième meilleure distribution de Linux pour des utilisateurs débutants.
– 3] “Lubuntu” est la troisième meilleure distribution de Linux pour des utilisateurs débutants parce qu’elle est la distribution la plus légère des trois.
– 3] “Lubuntu” est préférable pour les ordinateurs les moins puissants.
– 3] “Lubuntu” est légèrement moins riche en fonctionnalités que “Linux Mint Cinnamon” mais elle est une très bonne distribution qui est presque aussi bonne que “Linux Mint Cinnamon”.
– 4] “Debian 13 Trixie” est la dernière meilleure distribution de Linux recommandée (mais pas pour des débutants), parce qu’elle est une distribution extrêmement stable.
– 4] “Debian 13 Trixie” est intéressante car elle permet de subir moins de problèmes grâce à sa grande stabilité.
–
– 1] Zorin OS :
– https://zorin.com/os/
– https://zorin.com/os/download/
–
– 2] Linux Mint Cinnamon :
– https://linuxmint.com/
– https://linuxmint.com/download.php
–
– 3] Lubuntu :
– https://lubuntu.me/
– https://lubuntu.me/downloads/
–
– 4] Debian 13 Trixie :
– https://www.debian.org/
– https://www.debian.org/download
– https://wiki.debian.org/Wine
– https://wiki.debian.org/fr/Wine
–
– Pour le gaming, vous pouvez choisir ces distributions : “Nobara”, “GLF OS” ou “Pop!_OS”.
– Cependant, il est nécessaire de posséder un ordinateur récent et puissant pour ces trois distributions de Linux.
– De plus, ces distributions sont trop compliquées pour des utilisateurs débutants.
–
– Ces deux distributions de Linux sont également recommandées pour les utilisateurs débutants :
–
– [1] Solus (KDE Plasma)
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : Solus 4.9 Plasma Edition.
– Environnement de bureau : KDE Plasma 6.6.4.
– Composants KDE : KDE Frameworks 6.24.0 et KDE Gear 25.12.3.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://getsol.us/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://getsol.us/download/
– Description : Distribution Linux indépendante en rolling release. L’édition Plasma officielle fournit un bureau KDE Plasma soigneusement configuré avec des réglages cohérents et constitue un excellent choix pour les utilisateurs qui recherchent un environnement KDE moderne et très personnalisable.
–
– [2] elementary OS
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 8.1.1 Circe.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 et ARM64 UEFI.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://elementary.io/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://elementary.io/
– Description : Distribution Linux de bureau élégante et accessible aux débutants, axée sur la simplicité, la confidentialité et la cohérence visuelle. elementary OS 8.1.1 a été publié le 27 février 2026 et inclut la pile Ubuntu LTS Hardware Enablement avec Linux 6.17.
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
–
—
–
– ‼️ LES MEILLEURS OS : PC, Linux, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, C64, Rétro & Émulation ‼️
–
– VERSION FRANÇAISE
–
—
–
– TABLE DES MATIÈRES
–
– PART [01] – THE BEST OSs – SÉLECTION RAPIDE PAR USAGE
– PART [02] – LINUX POUR PC – GÉNÉRALISTE, BUREAU, SERVEUR ET LÉGER
– PART [03] – LINUX GAMING
– PART [04] – RASPBERRY PI
– PART [05] – MICROSOFT WINDOWS
– PART [06] – APPLE, ANDROID, CHROMEOS ET DÉRIVÉS
– PART [07] – BSD, UNIX, NAS ET AUTRES OS ALTERNATIFS
– PART [08] – AMIGA
– PART [09] – COMMODORE 64 ET COMMODORE MODERNE
– PART [10] – SYSTÈMES LIVE ET SPÉCIALISÉS
– PART [11] – SYSTÈMES ET PROJETS HISTORIQUES, ABANDONNÉS OU À STATUT INCERTAIN
– PART [12] – ÉLÉMENTS IMPORTANTS QUI NE SONT PAS DES OS INDÉPENDANTS
– PART [13] – PRINCIPALES SOURCES OFFICIELLES ET PRIMAIRES
–
—
–
– PART [01] – THE BEST OSs – SÉLECTION RAPIDE PAR USAGE
–
– Débutant venant de Windows : Zorin OS 18.1, Linux Mint 22.3 Cinnamon, Lubuntu, Debian 13.6, Linux Lite.
– Gaming Linux : Bazzite, Nobara Linux, CachyOS, ChimeraOS, GLF OS, SteamOS selon matériel.
– PC ancien ou peu puissant : Lubuntu, Linux Lite, MX Linux, antiX, Puppy Linux, Damn Small Linux selon contraintes.
– Raspberry Pi généraliste : Raspberry Pi OS en premier choix, puis Ubuntu ou Debian selon besoin.
– Raspberry Pi retrogaming : Recalbox, Batocera.linux, Lakka ; RetroPie reste une plateforme d’émulation et non un OS indépendant.
– Raspberry Pi multimédia : LibreELEC ou OSMC pour Kodi ; Volumio pour audio.
– Raspberry Pi domotique : Home Assistant OS.
– Amiga classique : AmigaOS 3.2 avec Update 3 / Kickstart 3.2.3.
– Amiga PowerPC / Amiga-like : AmigaOS 4.1 Final Edition Update 3, MorphOS 3.20, AROS selon matériel.
– Apollo / Vampire : ApolloOS R8.1.
– Commodore 64 moderne : C64 OS 1.09.
– Commodore 64 historique : GEOS 64, LUnix/LNG, Contiki, GeckOS/A65, ACE-128/64.
– C64 moderne expérimental : ReadyOS PRECOG 0.2.4.
– BSD : FreeBSD 15.1 pour usage général, OpenBSD 7.9 pour sécurité, NetBSD 11.0 pour portabilité.
– DOS : FreeDOS 1.4.
– OS/2 moderne : ArcaOS 5.1.2.
– BeOS-like : Haiku.
– NAS : TrueNAS Community Edition 25.10.6 ; TrueNAS CORE est désormais une branche legacy/historique.
–
—
–
– PART [02] – LINUX POUR PC – GÉNÉRALISTE, BUREAU, SERVEUR ET LÉGER
–
– Zorin OS
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 18.1.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : TRÈS FACILE.
– Première sortie / origine : Zorin OS existe depuis 2009 ; la version 18.1 a été publiée le 2026 04 15.
– Licence : Mélange de logiciels libres et composants propres au projet selon l’édition.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://zorin.com/os/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://zorin.com/os/download/
– Description : Distribution basée sur Ubuntu conçue pour faciliter la transition depuis Windows. Version 18.1 publiée le 2026 04 15 et support de la série 18 annoncé jusqu’au 2029 06 01.
–
– Linux Mint
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 22.3 Zena.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : TRÈS FACILE.
– Première sortie / origine : Linux Mint 1.0 Ada : 2006 08.
– Licence : Principalement logiciels libres ; composants et codecs peuvent varier selon l’installation.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://linuxmint.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://linuxmint.com/download.php
– Description : Distribution de bureau très accessible ; Cinnamon est particulièrement recommandé pour les utilisateurs venant de Windows.
–
– Debian
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 13.6 Trixie.
– Plateforme / architecture : Multi-architecture.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Première sortie / origine : Projet Debian fondé le 1993 08 16.
– Licence : Logiciels conformes aux Debian Free Software Guidelines dans la section main ; autres sections séparées existent.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.debian.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.debian.org/download
– Description : Distribution communautaire réputée pour sa stabilité. Debian 13.6 a été publiée le 2026 07 11.
–
– Ubuntu
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : Branche actuelle selon cycle Canonical.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC amd64 / ARM64 et autres cibles.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Première sortie / origine : Ubuntu 4.10 : 2004 10 20.
– Licence : Distribution de logiciels libres et autres paquets selon dépôts.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://ubuntu.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://ubuntu.com/download
– Description : Distribution généraliste majeure basée sur Debian, avec vaste documentation et écosystème.
–
– Kubuntu
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC amd64.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://kubuntu.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://kubuntu.org/getkubuntu/
– Description : Saveur Ubuntu utilisant KDE Plasma.
–
– Ubuntu Cinnamon
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC amd64.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://ubuntucinnamon.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://ubuntucinnamon.org/download/
– Description : Saveur officielle Ubuntu utilisant Cinnamon.
–
– Ubuntu MATE
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC amd64 / ARM selon image.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://ubuntu-mate.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://ubuntu-mate.org/download/
– Description : Saveur Ubuntu utilisant le bureau MATE.
–
– Lubuntu
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC amd64.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://lubuntu.me/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://lubuntu.me/downloads/
– Description : Saveur Ubuntu avec LXQt ; excellent choix pour les ordinateurs relativement modestes.
–
– Fedora Linux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 / AArch64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Première sortie / origine : Fedora Core 1 : 2003 11.
– Licence : Logiciels libres et open source selon les politiques Fedora.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://fedoraproject.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://fedoraproject.org/workstation/download
– Description : Distribution communautaire moderne de l’écosystème Fedora.
–
– Arch Linux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 officiel.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://archlinux.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://archlinux.org/download/
– Description : Distribution rolling release minimaliste et très personnalisable.
–
– openSUSE
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC et autres cibles selon édition.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.opensuse.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://get.opensuse.org/
– Description : Famille comprenant notamment Tumbleweed et Leap.
–
– Mageia
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.mageia.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.mageia.org/downloads/
– Description : Distribution communautaire généraliste issue de l’héritage Mandriva.
–
– Gentoo Linux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Multi-architecture.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.gentoo.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.gentoo.org/downloads/
– Description : Distribution source-based très personnalisable.
–
– AlmaLinux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 / AArch64 et autres.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://almalinux.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://almalinux.org/get-almalinux/
– Description : Distribution communautaire orientée entreprise et écosystème RHEL.
–
– CentOS Stream
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 / AArch64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.centos.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.centos.org/download/
– Description : Flux de développement continu en amont de Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
–
– Red Hat Enterprise Linux – RHEL
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : Série RHEL 10.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 / ARM64 / IBM Power / IBM Z.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE À AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux
– Téléchargement / installation : https://developers.redhat.com/products/rhel/download
– Description : Distribution commerciale destinée aux environnements professionnels et serveurs.
–
– Rocky Linux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 / AArch64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://rockylinux.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://rockylinux.org/download
– Description : Distribution communautaire orientée entreprise et compatible avec l’écosystème RHEL.
–
– KDE neon
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://neon.kde.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://neon.kde.org/download
– Description : Base Ubuntu mettant rapidement à disposition les logiciels KDE récents.
–
– Q4OS
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.q4os.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.q4os.org/downloads1.html
– Description : Distribution légère proposant KDE Plasma ou Trinity.
–
– Feren OS
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://ferenos.weebly.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://ferenos.weebly.com/get-feren-os.html
– Description : Distribution de bureau destinée notamment aux utilisateurs venant de Windows.
–
– MakuluLinux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://makululinux.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://makululinux.com/
– Description : Famille Linux fortement personnalisée ; conserver les éditions actuelles indiquées par le projet.
–
– Nitrux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 6.1.0.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://nxos.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://nxos.org/
– Description : Distribution moderne et spécialisée avec approche immuable et applications fortement isolées.
–
– Pop!_OS
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 24.04 LTS.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64 / ARM selon image.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://system76.com/pop
– Téléchargement / installation : https://system76.com/pop/download/
– Description : Distribution System76 orientée bureau, création, développement et jeu.
–
– elementary OS
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 8.1.1 Circe.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 et ARM64 UEFI.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://elementary.io/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://elementary.io/
– Description : Distribution Linux de bureau élégante et accessible aux débutants, axée sur la simplicité, la confidentialité et la cohérence visuelle. elementary OS 8.1.1 a été publié le 27 février 2026 et inclut la pile Ubuntu LTS Hardware Enablement avec Linux 6.17.
–
– Manjaro Linux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 / ARM selon édition.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://manjaro.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://manjaro.org/products/download/x86
– Description : Distribution basée sur Arch Linux avec installateur et outils graphiques.
–
– MX Linux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 25.2.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://mxlinux.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://mxlinux.org/download-links/
– Description : Distribution basée sur Debian, réputée pour sa stabilité et ses outils propres.
–
– CrunchBang++
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 13.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.crunchbangplusplus.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.crunchbangplusplus.org/download/
– Description : Distribution Debian minimaliste héritière de CrunchBang.
–
– Linux Lite
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : TRÈS FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.linuxliteos.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.linuxliteos.com/download.php
– Description : Distribution légère destinée aux débutants et aux machines modestes.
–
– antiX
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://antixlinux.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://antixlinux.com/download/
– Description : Distribution Debian légère conçue pour faible consommation de ressources.
–
– Puppy Linux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF / COMMUNAUTAIRE.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86 selon build.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://puppylinux-woof-ce.github.io/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://puppylinux-woof-ce.github.io/
– Description : Famille de distributions extrêmement légères, souvent exécutées en RAM.
–
– Solus (KDE Plasma)
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : Solus 4.9 Plasma Edition.
– Environnement de bureau : KDE Plasma 6.6.4.
– Composants KDE : KDE Frameworks 6.24.0 et KDE Gear 25.12.3.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://getsol.us/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://getsol.us/download/
– Description : Distribution Linux indépendante en rolling release. L’édition Plasma officielle fournit un bureau KDE Plasma soigneusement configuré avec des réglages cohérents et constitue un excellent choix pour les utilisateurs qui recherchent un environnement KDE moderne et très personnalisable.
–
– TUXEDO OS
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.tuxedocomputers.com/en/TUXEDO-OS_1.tuxedo
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.tuxedocomputers.com/en/TUXEDO-OS_1.tuxedo
– Description : Distribution de bureau de TUXEDO Computers, centrée sur KDE et l’intégration matérielle.
–
– Damn Small Linux – DSL
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF / NICHE.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.damnsmalllinux.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.damnsmalllinux.org/
– Description : Distribution extrêmement légère.
–
– KNOPPIX
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF / HISTORIQUE.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.knopper.net/knoppix/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.knopper.net/knoppix/
– Description : Distribution Live historique.
–
– Slackware Linux
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.slackware.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.slackware.com/getslack/
– Description : Distribution historique privilégiant une approche traditionnelle.
–
– Tails
– Catégorie : Linux pour PC.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://tails.net/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://tails.net/install/
– Description : Système Live axé confidentialité et Tor.
–
—
–
– PART [03] – LINUX GAMING
–
– Bazzite
– Catégorie : Linux gaming.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64 / consoles portables compatibles.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://bazzite.gg/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://bazzite.gg/
– Description : Distribution Fedora Atomic / Universal Blue orientée jeu ; excellent choix pour une expérience PC-console.
–
– Nobara Linux
– Catégorie : Linux gaming.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : Nobara 43 avec éditions Official, GNOME, KDE, Steam-HTPC et Steam-Handheld.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://nobaraproject.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://nobaraproject.org/download.html
– Description : Fedora modifiée pour gaming, streaming et création.
–
– CachyOS
– Catégorie : Linux gaming.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64 / handhelds compatibles.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE À AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://cachyos.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://cachyos.org/download/
– Description : Distribution Arch optimisée pour performances et gaming.
–
– ChimeraOS
– Catégorie : Linux gaming.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64 compatible.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://chimeraos.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://chimeraos.org/download/
– Description : Système de salon orienté manette pour transformer un PC compatible en console.
–
– GLF OS
– Catégorie : Linux gaming.
– Statut : ACTIF / PROJET JEUNE.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE À AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://glfos.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://glfos.org/
– Description : Distribution gaming basée sur NixOS.
–
– Garuda Linux
– Catégorie : Linux gaming.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://garudalinux.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://garudalinux.org/downloads
– Description : Arch-based avec éditions et outils orientés performances et gaming.
–
– SteamOS
– Catégorie : Linux gaming.
– Statut : ACTIF / VALVE.
– Plateforme / architecture : Steam Deck et matériels officiellement compatibles ; image Deck disponible.
– Difficulté : FACILE sur matériel pris en charge.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://store.steampowered.com/steamos/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://store.steampowered.com/steamos/download/
– Description : Système Linux officiel de Valve pour l’écosystème Steam.
–
—
–
– PART [04] – RASPBERRY PI
–
– Raspberry Pi OS
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF / OFFICIEL.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi, ARM 32/64 bits selon modèle.
– Difficulté : TRÈS FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/
– Description : Choix officiel et recommandé par défaut pour Raspberry Pi.
–
– Raspberry Pi OS Legacy
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF / OFFICIEL.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/
– Description : Branche officielle conservant une base plus ancienne pour compatibilité.
–
– Ubuntu pour Raspberry Pi
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF / OFFICIEL.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi pris en charge.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://ubuntu.com/raspberry-pi
– Téléchargement / installation : https://ubuntu.com/download/raspberry-pi
– Description : Alternative généraliste et serveur.
–
– Ubuntu Core
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF / OFFICIEL.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi et IoT compatibles.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE À AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://ubuntu.com/core
– Téléchargement / installation : https://ubuntu.com/download/iot/raspberry-pi
– Description : OS immuable orienté IoT, appliances et mises à jour transactionnelles.
–
– Ubuntu MATE pour Raspberry Pi
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF SELON IMAGE / ARCHITECTURE.
– Plateforme / architecture : ARM64.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://ubuntu-mate.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://ubuntu-mate.org/download/
– Description : Ubuntu avec bureau MATE ; disponible pour Raspberry Pi.
–
– Manjaro ARM
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF SELON MATÉRIEL.
– Plateforme / architecture : ARM / Raspberry Pi selon image.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://manjaro.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://manjaro.org/products/download/arm
– Description : Variante ARM de Manjaro.
–
– Debian pour Raspberry Pi
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF / COMMUNAUTAIRE DEBIAN.
– Plateforme / architecture : ARM.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://raspi.debian.net/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://raspi.debian.net/
– Description : Images Debian relativement pures pour Raspberry Pi.
–
– Kali Linux ARM
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi et autres ARM.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ / SPÉCIALISÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.kali.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.kali.org/get-kali/
– Description : Cybersécurité et audit autorisé.
–
– DietPi
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi et nombreux SBC.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://dietpi.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://dietpi.com/download
– Description : Système léger pour serveurs, services et appareils spécialisés.
–
– Recalbox
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi / PC et autres matériels selon image.
– Difficulté : TRÈS FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.recalbox.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.recalbox.com/download/stable/
– Description : Distribution retrogaming et émulation.
–
– Batocera.linux
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi / PC et autres matériels selon image.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://batocera.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://batocera.org/download
– Description : Distribution retrogaming multi-plateforme.
–
– Lakka
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi et autres matériels selon image.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.lakka.tv/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.lakka.tv/get/
– Description : Distribution légère centrée sur RetroArch.
–
– LibreELEC
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi pris en charge.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://libreelec.tv/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://libreelec.tv/downloads/raspberry/
– Description : Système minimal pour Kodi.
–
– OSMC
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi pris en charge.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://osmc.tv/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://osmc.tv/download/
– Description : Système multimédia basé sur Debian et Kodi.
–
– Volumio
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi / PC et autres.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://volumio.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://volumio.com/get-started/
– Description : Système audio et lecteur réseau.
–
– Home Assistant OS
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi pris en charge.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.home-assistant.io/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.home-assistant.io/installation/raspberrypi/
– Description : Système spécialisé domotique.
–
– Twister OS
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF / NICHE.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi / PC selon édition.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://twisteros.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://twisteros.com/download.html
– Description : Distribution thématique et multimédia.
–
– FydeOS
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86 / ARM selon édition.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://fydeos.io/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://fydeos.io/download/
– Description : Système dérivé de Chromium OS.
–
– Android / LineageOS communautaire pour Raspberry Pi
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF SELON BUILD.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi ARM.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://konstakang.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://konstakang.com/devices/rpi5/
– Description : Ports communautaires Android et Android TV ; pas un port officiel Google ou LineageOS pour Raspberry Pi.
–
– Windows on Raspberry – WoR
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF / COMMUNAUTAIRE.
– Plateforme / architecture : ARM64 sur certains Raspberry Pi et SBC.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://worproject.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://worproject.com/downloads
– Description : Projet communautaire permettant l’installation de Windows ARM ; non affilié à Microsoft ou Raspberry Pi.
–
– RISC OS
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF / HISTORIQUE.
– Plateforme / architecture : ARM / Raspberry Pi.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.riscosopen.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.riscosopen.org/content/downloads/raspberry-pi
– Description : OS non-Linux issu de l’écosystème Acorn.
–
– NetBSD pour Raspberry Pi
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 11.0.
– Plateforme / architecture : ARM / Raspberry Pi pris en charge.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.netbsd.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-11.0/
– Description : BSD très portable avec prise en charge officielle de plusieurs Raspberry Pi.
–
– webOS OSE
– Catégorie : Raspberry Pi.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 2.28.0.
– Plateforme / architecture : Raspberry Pi 4 Model B officiellement pris en charge.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Licence : Apache License 2.0 pour le projet principal.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.webosose.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.webosose.org/docs/guides/setup/system-requirements/
– Description : Plateforme open source pour appareils intelligents et embarqués.
–
—
–
– PART [05] – MICROSOFT WINDOWS
–
– Windows 11
– Catégorie : Microsoft Windows.
– Statut : ACTIF / MICROSOFT.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x64 / ARM64 selon appareil.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.microsoft.com/windows/windows-11
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.microsoft.com/software-download/windows11
– Description : Windows de bureau actuellement recommandé sur matériel officiellement compatible.
–
– Windows 10
– Catégorie : Microsoft Windows.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / SUPPORT GRATUIT TERMINÉ.
– Version : 22H2.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.microsoft.com/software-download/windows10
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.microsoft.com/software-download/windows10
– Description : Le support gratuit de Windows 10 a pris fin le 2025 10 14 ; conserver pour historique et cas de support étendu, mais ne plus le recommander par défaut sur un PC connecté.
–
– Windows Server 2019
– Catégorie : Microsoft Windows.
– Statut : ACTIF DANS SON CYCLE DE SUPPORT / SERVEUR.
– Plateforme / architecture : Serveur x64.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.microsoft.com/windows-server
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.microsoft.com/evalcenter/evaluate-windows-server-2019
– Description : Système serveur Microsoft présent dans le corpus USB/Rufus.
–
—
–
– PART [06] – APPLE, ANDROID, CHROMEOS ET DÉRIVÉS
–
– macOS
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : macOS 27 Golden Gate annoncé / préversion pour automne 2026.
– Plateforme / architecture : Mac Apple pris en charge.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.apple.com/macos/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://support.apple.com/macos
– Description : OS Apple pour Mac. La version 27 annoncée ne doit pas être confondue avec une version stable déjà déployée.
–
– Android
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Smartphones, tablettes, TV et appareils compatibles.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.android.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://developer.android.com/about/versions
– Description : Système mobile de Google.
–
– Android TV / Google TV
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Téléviseurs et appareils multimédias compatibles.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://tv.google/
– Description : Écosystème Android pour télévision.
–
– ChromeOS
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : ACTIF / GOOGLE.
– Plateforme / architecture : Chromebooks et matériels compatibles.
– Difficulté : TRÈS FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://chromeos.google/
– Description : Système Google centré sur web, Android et Linux selon appareil.
–
– ChromeOS Flex
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : ACTIF / GOOGLE.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC et Mac compatibles.
– Difficulté : FACILE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://chromeos.google/products/chromeos-flex/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://support.google.com/chromeosflex/answer/11552529
– Description : Édition Google destinée à réutiliser des PC et Mac compatibles.
–
– Chromium OS
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : ACTIF COMME BASE OPEN SOURCE.
– Plateforme / architecture : Selon build.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/
– Description : Base open source liée à ChromeOS.
–
– FydeOS
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC et ARM selon édition.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://fydeos.io/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://fydeos.io/download/
– Description : Système dérivé de Chromium OS.
–
– Wayne OS
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : ACTIF / SPÉCIALISÉ.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64 compatible.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://wayne-inc.com/en/wayne-os/
– Description : Système dérivé de Chromium OS orienté entreprise et terminaux.
–
– Bliss OS
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86/x86-64 selon build.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://blissos.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://blissos.org/
– Description : Android adapté au PC et aux appareils x86.
–
– Android-x86
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / PROJET ENCORE ACCESSIBLE.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.android-x86.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.android-x86.org/download
– Description : Port historique d’Android vers x86 ; préférer Bliss OS pour une option plus actuelle.
–
– PrimeOS
– Catégorie : Apple / Android / ChromeOS.
– Statut : PRIMEOS x86 PC ABANDONNÉ ; PRIMEOS 3.0 ACTIF SUR PRIMEBOOK.
– Version : PrimeOS 3.0 basé sur Android 15 sur Primebook.
– Plateforme / architecture : Primebook ; ancienne édition x86 PC arrêtée.
– Difficulté : NON RECOMMANDÉ pour installation générale sur PC.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.primebook.in/primeos
– Description : L’équipe Primebook a annoncé en 2025 l’arrêt de PrimeOS x86 et indique que PrimeOS 3.0 est réservé au matériel Primebook.
–
—
–
– PART [07] – BSD, UNIX, NAS ET AUTRES OS ALTERNATIFS
–
– FreeBSD
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF / PRODUCTION.
– Version : 15.1-RELEASE.
– Plateforme / architecture : amd64 / arm64 et autres.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Licence : Licence BSD et licences permissives pour la base selon composants.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.freebsd.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.freebsd.org/where/
– Description : BSD polyvalent. FreeBSD 15.1 a été publié le 2026 06 16.
–
– OpenBSD
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 7.9.
– Plateforme / architecture : Multi-architecture.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Licence : Licences permissives de type BSD/ISC selon composants.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.openbsd.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html
– Description : BSD axé sécurité, simplicité et audit. OpenBSD 7.9 a été publié le 2026 05 19.
–
– NetBSD
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 11.0.
– Plateforme / architecture : Très nombreuses architectures.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Licence : Licence BSD de NetBSD et licences compatibles selon composants.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.netbsd.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-11/
– Description : BSD connu pour sa portabilité. NetBSD 11.0 a été publié le 2026 07 30.
–
– GhostBSD
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 26.1-R15.0p2.
– Plateforme / architecture : amd64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.ghostbsd.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.ghostbsd.org/download
– Description : Système de bureau basé sur FreeBSD.
–
– NomadBSD
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : NICHE / STATUT ACTUEL À SURVEILLER.
– Plateforme / architecture : amd64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://nomadbsd.org/
– Description : Système Live persistant basé sur FreeBSD ; statut actuel à surveiller.
–
– TrueNAS Community Edition
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 25.10.6.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 moderne.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE À AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.truenas.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.truenas.com/download-truenas-community-edition/
– Description : Édition communautaire actuelle issue de l’ancienne branche SCALE ; basée sur Linux. TrueNAS 25.10.6 a été publiée le 2026 08 12.
–
– TrueNAS CORE
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : LEGACY / HISTORIQUE.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.truenas.com/
– Description : Ancienne branche FreeBSD. Ne pas la confondre avec l’actuelle TrueNAS Community Edition Linux.
–
– OpenIndiana
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF / ROLLING.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.openindiana.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.openindiana.org/download/
– Description : Distribution de la famille illumos.
–
– SerenityOS
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF / DÉVELOPPEMENT.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ / EXPÉRIMENTAL.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://serenityos.org/
– Description : Système Unix-like développé depuis zéro ; destiné surtout à l’expérimentation et au développement.
–
– Haiku
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF / BETA.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86-64 et variantes x86.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.haiku-os.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://download.haiku-os.org/
– Description : Successeur spirituel libre de BeOS. Projet toujours important ; consulter le site officiel pour la version courante.
–
– ReactOS
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF / EXPÉRIMENTAL.
– Version : 0.4.15.
– Plateforme / architecture : x86 principalement.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ / EXPÉRIMENTAL.
– Licence : Majoritairement GNU GPL avec composants sous autres licences libres.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://reactos.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://reactos.org/download/
– Description : OS open source visant une compatibilité avec des logiciels et pilotes Windows.
–
– ArcaOS
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 5.1.2.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86 compatibles.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ / SPÉCIALISÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.arcanoae.com/arcaos/
– Description : Continuation moderne de la famille OS/2.
–
– FreeDOS
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 1.4.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86 compatible DOS.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Première sortie / origine : Projet FreeDOS lancé en 1994.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.freedos.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.freedos.org/download/
– Description : Système libre compatible DOS, utile pour rétro-informatique et anciens logiciels.
–
– KolibriOS
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF / NICHE.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://kolibrios.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://kolibrios.org/en/download
– Description : Petit système indépendant écrit principalement en assembleur.
–
– EmuTOS
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF / RÉTRO.
– Plateforme / architecture : Motorola 68000 / ColdFire et plateformes compatibles.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://emutos.sourceforge.io/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://sourceforge.net/projects/emutos/
– Description : Alternative libre à TOS pour Atari ST et machines compatibles.
–
– webOS OSE
– Catégorie : BSD / Unix / alternatif.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 2.28.0.
– Plateforme / architecture : Embarqué / Raspberry Pi 4.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Licence : Apache License 2.0 pour le projet principal.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.webosose.org/
– Description : Plateforme open source de l’écosystème webOS.
–
—
–
– PART [08] – AMIGA
–
– AmigaOS 3.2
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : ACTIF / OFFICIEL.
– Version : 3.2 avec Update 3 et Kickstart 3.2.3.
– Plateforme / architecture : Amiga classiques Motorola 68K.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/index.php/where-to-buy/direct-downloads/327-amigaos-32
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/index.php/where-to-buy/direct-downloads/327-amigaos-32
– Description : Branche moderne officielle pour Amiga classiques. Update 3 a été publié en 2025 ; AmigaOS 3.2 est disponible en achat numérique depuis le 2026 03 23.
–
– AmigaOS 4.1 Final Edition
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : ACTIF / OFFICIEL.
– Version : Update 3.
– Plateforme / architecture : PowerPC sur matériels AmigaOS 4 compatibles.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ / SPÉCIALISÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.amigaos.net/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/
– Description : Branche PowerPC. Update 3 a été publiée le 2025 10 18 et apporte de nombreuses améliorations de stabilité, réseau, USB et noyaux.
–
– MorphOS
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : 3.20.
– Plateforme / architecture : PowerPC sur matériels officiellement pris en charge.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE À AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.morphos-team.net/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.morphos-team.net/downloads
– Description : OS Amiga-like léger et performant. MorphOS 3.20 a été publié le 2026 05 30.
–
– AROS – AROS Research Operating System
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : ACTIF / OPEN SOURCE.
– Plateforme / architecture : Plusieurs architectures selon branche.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE À AVANCÉ.
– Première sortie / origine : Projet démarré en 1995.
– Licence : AROS Public License 1.1.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.aros.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://www.aros.org/download.php
– Description : Réimplémentation open source des concepts et API AmigaOS.
–
– Icaros Desktop
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : ACTIF / DISTRIBUTION AROS.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://icarosdesktop.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://icarosdesktop.org/p/download.html
– Description : Distribution complète basée sur AROS.
–
– ApolloOS
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Version : R8.1.
– Plateforme / architecture : Apollo Vampire / V4 et environnement 68K.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE À AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.apollo-computer.com/apolloos.php
– Description : Fork AROS optimisé pour l’écosystème Apollo.
–
– NetBSD/amiga
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : ACTIF / PORT NETBSD.
– Version : NetBSD 11.0.
– Plateforme / architecture : Amiga 68K compatibles.
– Difficulté : EXPERT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://wiki.netbsd.org/ports/amiga/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-11.0/
– Description : Véritable port Unix/BSD pour Amiga ; alternative technique importante.
–
– NetBSD/amigappc
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : EXPÉRIMENTAL.
– Plateforme / architecture : Cartes PowerPC Phase 5 pour Amiga.
– Difficulté : EXPERT / DÉVELOPPEMENT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.netbsd.org/ports/amigappc/
– Description : Port très expérimental ; aucune release binaire standard n’est annoncée.
–
– Amiga UNIX – AMIX
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Plateforme / architecture : Amiga 2500UX / 3000UX et configurations historiques.
– Difficulté : EXPERT / HISTORIQUE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.amigaunix.com/
– Description : UNIX System V Release 4 porté par Commodore-Amiga.
–
– AmigaOS historique
– Catégorie : Amiga.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Version : 1.x, 2.x, 3.0, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9, 3.1.4 et 4.0.
– Plateforme / architecture : Amiga selon version.
– Difficulté : VARIABLE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://wiki.amigaos.net/wiki/AmigaOS_Versions
– Description : Familles essentielles pour retracer l’évolution d’AmigaOS. La première version précommerciale Kickstart 0.7 a été montrée au CES de 1985.
–
—
–
– PART [09] – COMMODORE 64 ET COMMODORE MODERNE
–
– Commodore 64 KERNAL + BASIC V2
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : ENVIRONNEMENT SYSTÈME ORIGINAL.
– Plateforme / architecture : Commodore 64 / MOS 6510.
– Difficulté : FACILE à EXPERT selon usage.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://commodore.net/
– Description : Environnement en ROM fondamental du C64 ; il n’est pas un OS moderne installé sur disque.
–
– C64 OS
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : ACTIF / RECOMMANDÉ.
– Version : 1.09.
– Plateforme / architecture : Commodore 64 réel et configurations compatibles selon matériel.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://c64os.com/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://c64os.com/c64os/softwareupdates/
– Description : Système moderne pour C64. La branche 1.09 est la version actuelle vérifiée ; C64 OS 1.0 a été publié en 2022.
–
– GEOS 64
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / ESSENTIEL.
– Plateforme / architecture : Commodore 64.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://commodore.net/pressplay/geos/
– Description : Graphical Environment Operating System, environnement graphique historique majeur du C64.
–
– GEOS MegaPatch 3
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / EXTENSION GEOS.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64 / C128.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.c64-wiki.de/wiki/GEOS_MegaPatch_3.0
– Description : Extension importante de GEOS 2.x ; ne pas compter comme OS complètement indépendant.
–
– Contiki pour Commodore 64
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / OPEN SOURCE.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Licence : Licence BSD 3 clauses pour le code Contiki historique.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.contiki-os.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://github.com/contiki-os/contiki
– Description : Port historique du système Contiki pour C64.
–
– LUnix – Little Unix
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / EXPÉRIMENTAL.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64.
– Difficulté : EXPERT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://lng.sourceforge.net/lunix/lunix.html
– Description : Système expérimental de type Unix pour C64.
–
– LUnix Next Generation – LNG
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / EXPÉRIMENTAL.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64 / C128 selon composants.
– Difficulté : EXPERT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://lng.sourceforge.net/
– Description : Successeur et réécriture de LUnix.
–
– GeckOS/A65
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / EXPÉRIMENTAL.
– Plateforme / architecture : 6502 dont C64/C128.
– Difficulté : EXPERT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://6502.org/users/andre/osa/index.html
– Description : Système multitâche pour machines 6502.
–
– ACE-128/64
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / EXPÉRIMENTAL.
– Plateforme / architecture : C128 / C64.
– Difficulté : EXPERT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://csbruce.com/cbm/ace/
– Description : Système alternatif historique.
–
– CP/M sur Commodore 64
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / MATÉRIEL SPÉCIFIQUE.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64 avec extension Z80 appropriée.
– Difficulté : EXPERT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.cpm.z80.de/
– Description : CP/M peut être utilisé sur certaines configurations C64 équipées d’un processeur Z80 additionnel.
–
– ReadyOS PRECOG
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : ACTIF / EXPÉRIMENTAL.
– Version : Ligne 0.2.4.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64 moderne avec REU ; priorité C64 Ultimate / Ultimate-family ; VICE utilisable.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Licence : MIT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://github.com/ReadyOS-C64/ReadyOs
– Téléchargement / installation : https://github.com/ReadyOS-C64/ReadyOs/releases
– Description : Environnement REU-first moderne avec applications suspendues en mémoire et plusieurs formats de distribution.
–
– CLiPS
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64.
– Difficulté : EXPERT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.symbos.de/mirrors/www.clips64.de/index.htm
– Description : Système graphique historique pour Commodore 64.
–
– WiNGS
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / SOURCE MODERNE INCERTAINE.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64.
– Difficulté : EXPERT.
– Description : Système C64 historique conservé comme référence historique ; aucun canal officiel moderne suffisamment fiable n’est indiqué.
–
– Wheels 64/128
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / ÉCOSYSTÈME GEOS.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64 / C128.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Description : Successeur ou extension importante de l’écosystème GEOS ; aucun canal officiel actuel fiable n’est indiqué.
–
– TEOS
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : PROJET / HISTORIQUE.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64.
– Difficulté : AVANCÉ.
– Description : Projet C64 conservé comme référence historique ; statut moderne incertain.
–
– PicoOS / C=SOFT OS / Asterix / DOS/65
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / SPÉCIALISTE.
– Plateforme / architecture : C64 ou 6502 selon projet.
– Difficulté : EXPERT.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/Operating_System
– Description : Projets spécialisés conservés comme références spécialisées ; non recommandés comme OS C64 modernes principaux.
–
– Commodore OS Vision
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : ACTIF / COMMODORE MODERNE.
– Version : 3.1.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC x86-64.
– Difficulté : FACILE À INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://www.commodoreos.net/CommodoreOS.aspx
– Téléchargement / installation : https://commodore.net/downloads/
– Description : Distribution Linux moderne pour PC portant l’identité Commodore. Version 3.1 publiée le 2026 04 28.
–
– Commodore Callback OS
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : PROJET COMMODORE MODERNE POUR TÉLÉPHONE.
– Plateforme / architecture : Téléphone Commodore Callback.
– Difficulté : UTILISATEUR FINAL.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://commodore.net/dont-call-it-dumb-the-apps-of-the-commodore-callback/
– Description : Intégration personnalisée de Sailfish OS réalisée pour le téléphone Commodore Callback. Ne pas le présenter comme OS du Commodore 64 Ultimate.
–
– Sailfish OS
– Catégorie : Commodore / C64.
– Statut : ACTIF.
– Plateforme / architecture : Appareils mobiles compatibles.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://sailfishos.org/
– Description : Système mobile Linux de Jolla servant de base technologique au Callback OS.
–
—
–
– PART [10] – SYSTÈMES LIVE ET SPÉCIALISÉS
–
– GParted Live
– Catégorie : Live / spécialisé.
– Statut : ACTIF / SPÉCIALISÉ.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC bootable.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://gparted.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://gparted.org/livecd.php
– Description : Mini-système Live spécialisé dans le partitionnement.
–
– Clonezilla Live
– Catégorie : Live / spécialisé.
– Statut : ACTIF / SPÉCIALISÉ.
– Plateforme / architecture : PC bootable.
– Difficulté : INTERMÉDIAIRE.
– Site officiel ou référence principale : https://clonezilla.org/
– Téléchargement / installation : https://clonezilla.org/downloads.php
– Description : Système Live de clonage et d’imagerie de disques.
–
—
–
– PART [11] – SYSTÈMES ET PROJETS HISTORIQUES, ABANDONNÉS OU À STATUT INCERTAIN
–
– Windows 1.0 / 1.01
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Famille Microsoft Windows historique.
–
– Windows 3.1
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Windows classique du début des années 1990.
–
– Windows 95
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Windows 9x historique.
–
– Windows 98 / Windows 98 SE
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Windows 9x historique.
–
– Windows Millennium Edition – Windows ME
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Dernière grande branche grand public Windows 9x.
–
– Windows XP
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / HORS SUPPORT.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Ancien Windows NT grand public.
–
– Windows Vista
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / HORS SUPPORT.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Ancien Windows NT.
–
– Windows 7
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / HORS SUPPORT.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Ancien Windows NT.
–
– Windows 8
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / HORS SUPPORT.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Ancien Windows.
–
– Windows 8.1
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / HORS SUPPORT.
– Référence : https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/
– Description : Ancien Windows.
–
– Windows 12
– Statut : NON VALIDÉ COMME PRODUIT MICROSOFT PUBLIÉ.
– Description : Nom utilisé dans des rumeurs et concepts ; aucune version officielle Microsoft publiée n’est indiquée.
–
– Tiny11
– Statut : BUILD COMMUNAUTAIRE.
– Référence : https://github.com/ntdevlabs/tiny11builder
– Description : Dérivé allégé de Windows 11 ; pas un OS Microsoft indépendant.
–
– AtlasOS
– Statut : MODIFICATION DE WINDOWS.
– Référence : https://atlasos.net/
– Description : Playbook/modifications appliquées à Windows ; pas un OS indépendant.
–
– Windows 93
– Statut : PROJET WEB.
– Référence : https://www.windows93.net/
– Description : Projet artistique web ; pas une version Microsoft.
–
– Windows 96
– Statut : PROJET WEB.
– Référence : https://windows96.net/
– Description : Projet web inspiré de Windows ; pas une version Microsoft.
–
– Macintosh System 7 / Mac OS 7
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://support.apple.com/
– Description : Système Macintosh classique.
–
– Remix OS
– Statut : ABANDONNÉ.
– Description : Ancien Android pour PC développé par Jide.
–
– TrueOS
– Statut : ABANDONNÉ.
– Référence : https://www.truenas.com/trueos-discontinuation/
– Description : Ancien système FreeBSD ; projet arrêté.
–
– FuryBSD
– Statut : ARCHIVÉ / HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://github.com/jaronparsons/furybsd-livecd
– Description : Ancien desktop Live basé sur FreeBSD.
–
– OS/2
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://www.ibm.com/history/os2
– Description : Système IBM/Microsoft puis IBM ; ArcaOS poursuit cet héritage.
–
– BeOS
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://www.haiku-os.org/legacy-docs/
– Description : Système de Be Inc. ayant inspiré Haiku.
–
– Atari TOS
– Statut : HISTORIQUE.
– Référence : https://www.atari.com/
– Description : Système de la famille Atari ST.
–
– Fenix OS / Swiftjaro
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / NON RECOMMANDÉ.
– Référence : https://fenixlinux.com/
– Description : Ancien projet Linux ; le domaine observé renvoie vers une archive.
–
– ChaletOS
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / ABANDONNÉ.
– Référence : https://sourceforge.net/projects/chaletos/
– Description : Ancienne distribution Ubuntu à apparence Windows.
–
– CutefishOS
– Statut : PROJET PARTIEL / NON RECOMMANDÉ PAR DÉFAUT.
– Référence : https://github.com/cutefishos
– Description : Dépôts existants mais absence de release stable actuelle suffisamment claire pour une recommandation principale.
–
– RebornOS
– Statut : STATUT ACTUEL INCERTAIN.
– Référence : https://rebornos.org/
– Description : Projet Arch-based conservé avec prudence.
–
– Raspbian X / XP / 95 / iRaspbian
– Statut : BUILDS COMMUNAUTAIRES HISTORIQUES.
– Référence : https://raspbian-x.com/
– Description : Variantes communautaires historiques de Raspberry Pi OS avec interfaces inspirées d’autres systèmes.
–
– ApplePiOS
– Statut : BUILD COMMUNAUTAIRE HISTORIQUE.
– Description : Build Raspberry Pi à apparence macOS ; aucun site officiel actuel fiable n’est indiqué.
–
– MonKajaro / Monkafenixjaro
– Statut : BUILDS COMMUNAUTAIRES HISTORIQUES.
– Description : Builds communautaires historiques pour Raspberry Pi ; aucune source officielle actuelle fiable n’est indiquée.
–
– PiTosh OS / Pitosh OS
– Statut : BUILD COMMUNAUTAIRE HISTORIQUE.
– Description : Build Raspberry Pi à thème Macintosh disponible pour Raspberry Pi.
–
– Dosbian / Dosbian-X
– Statut : PROJET COMMUNAUTAIRE RÉTRO.
– Référence : https://github.com/weese/dosbian-x
– Description : Environnement Raspberry Pi optimisé DOSBox/DOS ; conserver comme solution retrogaming spécialisée.
–
– Lite OS
– Statut : ENTRÉE AMBIGUË DU FICHIER SOURCE.
– Description : Nom de projet ambigu ; le projet exact n’est pas identifié avec suffisamment de certitude.
–
– Arix OS
– Statut : HISTORIQUE / PROJET AROS.
– Description : Projet historique ; aucun canal officiel moderne fiable n’est indiqué.
–
– ArkOS
– Statut : PROJET RETROGAMING / HANDHELDS.
– Référence : https://github.com/christianhaitian/arkos
– Description : Distribution Linux d’émulation pour consoles portables ; à distinguer d’anciens projets portant un nom proche.
–
– AmigaOS 3.3
– Statut : NON VALIDÉ COMME RELEASE PUBLIQUE.
– Référence : https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/
– Description : Ne pas présenter comme version disponible sans annonce officielle.
–
– AmigaOS 4.2
– Statut : PROJET HISTORIQUEMENT ANNONCÉ.
– Référence : https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/
– Description : Aucune version publique actuelle n’est indiquée comme disponible.
–
– CoffinOS
– Statut : ENVIRONNEMENT AMIGA NON RETENU COMME OS OFFICIEL.
– Description : Conserver séparément en raison de sa nature et des questions de redistribution.
–
—
–
– PART [12] – ÉLÉMENTS IMPORTANTS QUI NE SONT PAS DES OS INDÉPENDANTS
–
– Amiga Workbench Simulator – TAWS
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://taws.ch/WB.html
– Description : Simulateur web du Workbench Amiga.
–
– EmuOS
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://emupedia.net/beta/emuos/
– Description : Environnement web d’émulation rétro.
–
– Amiga Forever
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.amigaforever.com/
– Description : Suite commerciale d’émulation et de préservation Amiga.
–
– C64 Forever
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.c64forever.com/
– Description : Suite commerciale d’émulation et de préservation C64.
–
– AmiKit
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.amikit.amiga.sk/
– Description : Environnement Amiga préconfiguré ; pas un nouvel AmigaOS.
–
– PiMiga
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.youtube.com/@ChrisEdwardsRestoration/videos
– Description : Environnement Amiga préconfiguré fonctionnant via émulation.
–
– Amibian
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://gunkrist79.wixsite.com/amibian
– Description : Distribution/environnement Raspberry Pi spécialisé Amiga ; pas un AmigaOS natif.
–
– AMiNIMiga
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.aminimiga.com/
– Description : Environnement Amiga préconfiguré.
–
– ClassicWB / Classic Workbench
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : http://classicwb.abime.net/
– Description : Environnement Workbench Amiga préconfiguré historique.
–
– Amiga Inside
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Description : Environnement Amiga historique.
–
– Amilator
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Description : Environnement Amiga bootable.
–
– Amithlon
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Description : Environnement historique permettant d’exécuter un environnement Amiga sur PC x86.
–
– RetroPie
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://retropie.org.uk/
– Description : Plateforme d’émulation installable sur Raspberry Pi OS/Debian ; pas un OS indépendant au même sens que Recalbox.
–
– BerryBoot
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.berryterminal.com/doku.php/berryboot
– Description : Bootloader et installateur multi-OS pour Raspberry Pi.
–
– GNOME 40
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.gnome.org/
– Description : Environnement de bureau, pas un OS.
–
– WinUAE
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.winuae.net/
– Description : Émulateur Amiga pour Windows.
–
– FS-UAE
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://fs-uae.net/
– Description : Émulateur Amiga multiplateforme.
–
– Amiberry
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://amiberry.com/
– Description : Émulateur Amiga optimisé notamment pour Linux/ARM.
–
– RetroArch
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.retroarch.com/
– Description : Frontend et framework d’émulation.
–
– EmulationStation
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://emulationstation.org/
– Description : Frontend graphique d’émulation.
–
– LaunchBox
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.launchbox-app.com/
– Description : Frontend et gestionnaire de jeux.
–
– HyperSpin
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://hyperspin-fe.com/
– Description : Frontend d’émulation.
–
– Armiga
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Description : Matériel et solution historique d’émulation Amiga ; ancien domaine officiel aujourd’hui réaffecté.
–
– MiST FPGA
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://github.com/mist-devel/mist-board/wiki
– Description : Plateforme FPGA de recréation de machines rétro.
–
– FPGA Arcade
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.fpgaarcade.com/
– Description : Plateforme FPGA rétro.
–
– Archboot
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://archboot.com/
– Description : Environnement d’installation/récupération lié à Arch Linux.
–
– Hiren’s BootCD PE
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.hirensbootcd.org/
– Description : Environnement bootable de dépannage basé sur Windows PE.
–
– rEFInd
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.rodsbooks.com/refind/
– Description : Gestionnaire de démarrage UEFI.
–
– Super Grub2 Disk
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.supergrubdisk.org/super-grub2-disk/
– Description : Outil bootable de récupération de démarrage.
–
– UEFI Shell
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://uefi.org/
– Description : Shell de firmware UEFI.
–
– Ultimate Boot CD
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://www.ultimatebootcd.com/
– Description : Compilation bootable d’outils de diagnostic.
–
– Offline NT Password & Registry Editor
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Description : Ancien outil bootable de maintenance, pas un OS.
–
– Trinity Rescue Kit
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Description : Ancien environnement de récupération, pas un OS généraliste moderne.
–
– C64 Ultimate Firmware
– Classification : NON-OS INDÉPENDANT.
– Référence : https://commodore.net/
– Description : Firmware matériel du Commodore 64 Ultimate, pas un OS distinct.
–
—
–
– PART [13] – PRINCIPALES SOURCES OFFICIELLES ET PRIMAIRES
–
– https://linuxmint.com/
– https://zorin.com/os/
– https://www.debian.org/
– https://ubuntu.com/
– https://fedoraproject.org/
– https://bazzite.gg/
– https://nobaraproject.org/
– https://cachyos.org/
– https://chimeraos.org/
– https://store.steampowered.com/steamos/
– https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/
– https://www.recalbox.com/
– https://batocera.org/
– https://www.lakka.tv/
– https://www.microsoft.com/software-download/windows11
– https://www.apple.com/macos/
– https://chromeos.google/
– https://www.freebsd.org/releases/
– https://www.openbsd.org/
– https://www.netbsd.org/
– https://www.truenas.com/
– https://reactos.org/
– https://www.arcanoae.com/arcaos/
– https://www.freedos.org/
– https://www.webosose.org/
– https://www.hyperion-entertainment.com/
– https://www.morphos-team.net/
– https://www.aros.org/
– https://icarosdesktop.org/
– https://www.apollo-computer.com/apolloos.php
– https://c64os.com/
– https://commodore.net/pressplay/geos/
– https://github.com/ReadyOS-C64/ReadyOs
– https://www.commodoreos.net/CommodoreOS.aspx
– https://commodore.net/downloads/
– https://sailfishos.org/
–
—
–
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————
‼️‼️ THANK YOU VERY MUCH ‼️‼️
‼️‼️ MERCI BEAUCOUP ‼️‼️
———————————
———————————
———————————
———————————

– KEYWORDS: Operating Systems, Linux, Linux Distros, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, Commodore 64, Retrocomputing, Emulation, Windows, Alternative OS

– MOTS-CLÉS : OS, Linux, Distros Linux, Raspberry Pi, Amiga, Commodore 64, Rétro-informatique, Émulation, Windows, OS alternatifs